HolobiomicsLab
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- ▌ Format Conversion Conditional Logic 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have generated a lipid spectral library (with lipid identities, adducts, m/z values, and fragmentation patterns) and need to export it for downstream mass spectrometry analysis on either an Orbitrap (via Excalibur DDA) or via Skyline's transition-based workflow.
- ▌ High Resolution Ms2 Peak Assignment 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have high-resolution MS2 data in .ms2 format from lipid A samples and need to perform automated structure annotation to identify lipid A molecular variants and their fragmentation patterns at scale.
- ▌ Hplc Column Parameter Normalization 2 · holobiomicslabUse when when you have raw HPLC column specifications from RepoRT or similar metadata repositories and need to prepare them as input features for machine learning models. Apply this skill before featurizing molecular structures or training graph transformers for retention time prediction.
- ▌ Identity Search Spectrum Annotation 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have experimental MS/MS spectra and need to assign definitive molecular identities by matching against a curated spectral library.
- ▌ Intensity Vector Manipulation Numpy 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have extracted mass tracks (EICs) from multiple LC-MS samples aligned into a MassGrid structure, and you need to combine their intensity vectors into a single composite intensity vector for peak detection on the aggregate signal rather than per-sample.
- ▌ Interactive Data Exploration Design 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have NMR metabolomics measurements paired with pre-analytical metadata (processing delay times, centrifugation timing, sample type such as plasma vs. serum, cohort identifiers) and need to interactively explore how variation in processing conditions drives changes in metabolic.
- ▌ Interference Profile Identification 2 · holobiomicslabUse when after running saturation repair or multidimensional smoothing on IM-MS data when you need to validate whether corrected peaks are reliable or whether overlapping coeluting/comobiling ions may have caused incorrect signal reconstruction.
- ▌ Ion Adduct Isotope Pattern Matching 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have a preprocessed feature table (m/z, retention time, intensities) from LC-MS and need to group features into empirical compounds.
- ▌ Ion Mobility Feature Classification 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have high-dimensional TWIM-MS data (arrival time and m/z dimensions) from a multi-omic sample and need to associate experimental features with biomolecular classes *before* running peak detection or feature identification pipelines.
- ▌ Isotopologue Mass Delta Calculation 2 · holobiomicslabUse when when constructing a reference mass-matching framework for untargeted metabolomics or isotope-tracing LC-MS data, before pattern-matching observed features to isotopic and adduct variants.
- ▌ Mass Spectral Relationship Matching 2 · holobiomicslabUse when after peak detection and feature table generation when you have a collection of m/z, retention time, and intensity values and need to identify which features are related variants (isotopes, adducts, or fragments) of the same parent compound.
- ▌ Mass Spectrometry Adduct Annotation 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have tabulated pairwise mass differences from a MALDI-MS imaging dataset (via massdiff()) and need to identify which observed mass differences correspond to known chemical adducts (e.g., [M+H]+, [M+Na]+, [M-H2O]+).
- ▌ Msms Spectrum Metadata Preservation 2 · holobiomicslabUse when removing invalid or malformed entries (e.g., SMILES validation, format errors) from large spectral datasets (GNPS, MoNA, MTBLS1572, MassBank).
- ▌ Msp File Parsing Edge Case Handling 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you are parsing mass spectrometry spectral library files in MSP format and need to guarantee that all spectrum records are either successfully integrated into the final dataset or explicitly logged with a reason for exclusion.
- ▌ Natural Product Database Validation 2 · holobiomicslabUse when after curating and integrating structure-organism pairs from multiple source databases, and before publishing or using the dataset for computational research. Apply this skill when you have aggregated organism counts binned by structural diversity (e.
- ▌ Network Based Functional Prediction 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have an untargeted metabolomics feature table with m/z values, retention times, intensity measurements, and p-values from statistical testing, but lack or wish to bypass metabolite identification.
- ▌ Numeric Array Round Trip Validation 2 · holobiomicslabUse when after implementing or modifying a numerical compression codec (such as MSNumpressCoder for m/z and intensity arrays in mass-spectrometry workflows) to verify that round-trip encode–decode cycles preserve numerical values within expected tolerance.
- ▌ Poisson Noise Injection For Imaging 2 · holobiomicslabUse when augmenting mass spectrometry ion images for contrastive learning, particularly when the model must generalize across different detector conditions or signal-to-noise ratios.
- ▌ Pre Analytical Delay Stratification 2 · holobiomicslabUse when when you have NMR metabolite measurements paired with documented pre-centrifugation and post-centrifugation delay times, and need to assess how processing delays affect metabolic parameter stability within a plasma or serum sample cohort.
- ▌ Response Status Code Interpretation 2 · holobiomicslabUse when when you need to confirm that a documented web service endpoint is deployed and accessible before using it for analysis, or when troubleshooting tool availability in a bioinformatics pipeline. Apply this skill after obtaining a service URL (e.
- ▌ Retention Time Intensity Tabulation 2 · holobiomicslabUse when when you have a resolved mzML or mzXML spectrum file and need to visualize or analyze the temporal intensity profile of a specific analyte (defined by its m/z value).
- ▌ Sample Information Metadata Parsing 2 · holobiomicslabUse when when you have a validated ReDU sample-information metadata file (gnps_metadata.
- ▌ Spectral Correlation Interpretation 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have preprocessed 1H NMR spectral data (e.g., from plasma or biological samples acquired on a 600 MHz instrument) and need to identify the chemical composition of a prominent but structurally ambiguous peak.
- ▌ Spectral Entropy Quality Assessment 2 · holobiomicslabUse when after feature detection and alignment in untargeted MS data processing, when you need to filter or rank candidate metabolite annotations by spectral quality before committing to xenobiotic metabolite assignments. Use when combining fragmentation similarity scores (e.
- ▌ Spectral Library Record Structuring 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have extracted MS1 and MS2 scans (in mzML/mzXML format) from raw chromatogram files and possess user-provided metadata (retention time, m/z, compound name, molecular weight, annotation fields) that you need to bind together into a queryable spectral library record for local compound.
- ▌ Two Dimensional Ms Image Processing 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have raw GC–MS or LC–MS data represented as a two-dimensional map (m/z axis vs. retention time axis) and need to identify chemo-/biomarker features across multiple analytes simultaneously, especially when conventional peak picking produces high false-positive or false-negative rates.
- ▌ Untargeted Lc Ms Data Preprocessing 2 · holobiomicslabUse when when you have raw untargeted LC-MS metabolomics data and need to detect low-quality or mis-integrated peaks in an XCMS-processed xcmsSet object before performing metabolite annotation, statistical analysis, or biomarker discovery.
- ▌ Weighted Loss Function Optimization 2 · holobiomicslabUse when when training a dual-encoder architecture (bi-encoder + cross-encoder) on NMR spectral data where independent encoding and joint pair processing produce competing or imbalanced gradient signals.
- ▌ Mass Spectrum Peak Detection 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have raw or processed MS spectrum data (mz/intensity pairs) from direct infusion MS (DI-MS), ASAP-MS, or other high-throughput ambient ionization methods, and need to identify which m/z signals represent true peaks of interest rather than noise or baseline drift.
- ▌ Peak Labeling And Annotation 2 · holobiomicslabUse when immediately after automatic peak detection on a raw or processed MS spectrum when you have a list of candidate peaks with m/z and intensity values but lack systematic identifiers, confidence estimates, or ranked ordering.
- ▌ Force Field Minimization Mmff94 2 · holobiomicslabUse when after RDKit generates multiple 3D conformers from ionized molecular structures using distance-geometry embedding, before filtering with ASE-ANI or submitting to quantum calculations.
- ▌ Data Type Constraint Verification 2 · holobiomicslabUse when when ingesting or updating MassBank records in plain-text or structured format, and you need to verify that metadata fields (accession, name, formula, mass, spectrum peaks) comply with type definitions, presence requirements, and allowed value ranges.
- ▌ Docker Volume Mount Configuration 2 · holobiomicslabUse when deploying the ipbhalle/metfragweb container and you need to supply custom MetFrag settings (ChemSpider tokens, proxy servers, local database connections) without modifying the container image.
- ▌ Fatty Acid Composition Generation 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you need to systematically enumerate all possible lipid species within a defined analytical scope—specifically when you have specified one or more lipid classes (e.g., phosphatidylcholine, triacylglycerol) and fatty acid composition ranges (e.
- ▌ Github Actions Workflow Execution 3 · holobiomicslabUse when you have a GitHub repository containing scientific records (e.
- ▌ Hash Based Deduplication Workflow 2 · holobiomicslabUse when when processing open mass spectrometry library (OMSL) data that may contain duplicate spectral records (e.
- ▌ Lipid Metadata Annotation Mapping 2 · holobiomicslabUse when when exporting in-memory generated spectra as MSP-format spectral libraries, you must first map each spectrum record to required MSP fields (NAME, PRECURSORMZ, SPECTRUM) and optional metadata annotations.
- ▌ Hdf5 Cardinal Format Preservation 2 · holobiomicslabUse when after performing isotopic correction, quantitation, or other pixel-level transformations on a feature-by-pixel intensity matrix imported from an imzML file via Cardinal's HDF5 layout.
- ▌ Hdf5 File Structure Specification 2 · holobiomicslabUse when when exporting quantified MSI data (feature-by-pixel intensity matrices with associated ion m/z, lipid annotations, and pixel spatial coordinates) from LipidQMap and you need to produce a standards-compliant HDF5 container that can be read by Cardinal and other MSI analysis tools.
- ▌ Lipid Feature Identifier Matching 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have an isotope-corrected or raw MSI dataset stored in HDF5 format following Cardinal::HDF5 conventions, a user-provided internal standard definition (sample identifier and/or feature name), and need to locate and extract the intensity row for that lipid before performing ratio-based.
- ▌ Lipid Nomenclature Simplification 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have spatial metabolomics data with semicolon-delimited isomer name annotations (such as the 'all_IsomerNames' column in SpaMTP Seurat objects) and you need to reduce annotation complexity before pathway analysis, statistical testing, or visualization.
- ▌ Mass Difference Network Construction 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have a filtered peak list (CSV with m/z values and assigned molecular formulas) from FT-ICR MS and want to infer biochemical transformations occurring in microbial or environmental samples.
- ▌ Mass Spectrometry Data Preprocessing 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have raw mass spectra or processed feature matrices from liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) or direct infusion MS that must be ingested by a deep learning model for substance identification.
- ▌ Spectrum Vector Similarity Searching 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have millions of MS/MS spectra represented as low-dimensional vectors (via feature hashing) and need to compute pairwise distances only between similar spectra rather than comparing every spectrum to every other spectrum.
- ▌ 2d Nmr Pulse Sequence Implementation 2 · holobiomicslabUse when when you need to generate 2D metabolomic NMR spectra (COSY for homonuclear or HSQC/HMQC for heteronuclear correlations) from parsed metabolite concentration and spin-system J-coupling data, and you want to simulate realistic peak patterns including indirect-dimension evolution and phase.
- ▌ Activity Score Robustness Assessment 2 · holobiomicslabUse when after computing PLAGE-derived activity scores for pathways or metabolite sets (Molecular Families, Mass2Motifs) from log2-standardized metabolomics intensity data.
- ▌ Bayesian Meta Learning Model Fitting 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have a pre-trained DNN RT predictor (e.g., trained on METLIN SMRT with 80,038 experimental RTs) and need to adapt it to predict retention times in a new or external chromatographic method for which you have only 10–50 calibration molecules with known RTs.
- ▌ Categorical Grouping And Aggregation 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have a flat table of structure-organism pairs or entity records and need to summarize their distribution across categorical bins (e.g., organism counts binned by number of associated structures in categories: 1, 1–10, 10–100, >100).
- ▌ Chemical Database Query And Matching 2 · holobiomicslabUse when when you have mass-to-charge (m/z) values from mass spectrometry imaging or other MS experiments and need to assign molecular formulae with high precision, especially in spatially-resolved metabolomics where traditional LC-MS annotation methods are insufficient.
- ▌ Coefficient Of Variation Computation 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have loaded raw NMR or MS metabolomic abundance data into a SummarizedExperiment object and need to assess feature reproducibility before downstream association modeling.
- ▌ Cosine Similarity Matrix Computation 2 · holobiomicslabUse when after generating normalized dense embeddings for both query and reference MS/MS spectra using a pre-trained model like SpecEmbedding.
- ▌ Detection Limit Threshold Definition 2 · holobiomicslabUse when when preparing metabolomics abundance tables with left-censored missingness (values below instrument detection limit or quantification limit) for imputation.
- ▌ Few Shot Learning Calibration Design 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have experimental retention times measured on a source chromatographic method and want to predict RTs on a target chromatographic method, but possess only a small set (10–100) of molecules with ground-truth measurements on both methods.
- ▌ Fragmentation Pattern Classification 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have tandem mass spectra for compounds with known binary or categorical molecular properties (e.
- ▌ Graph Based Knowledge Representation 2 · holobiomicslabUse when annotating metabolites in untargeted metabolomics experiments where both established biochemical pathways and experimental MS2 similarity patterns must be simultaneously leveraged.
- ▌ Heterogeneous Graph Embedding Design 2 · holobiomicslabUse when when building a Graph Transformer model for continuous property prediction on molecules with associated experimental or instrumental metadata (e.g., retention time prediction across different chromatographic columns, methods, or conditions).
- ▌ Hit Metric Evaluation Fold Averaging 2 · holobiomicslabUse when when you have a trained MS/MS spectral embedding model and need to measure compound identification accuracy on a held-out test set, but want to mitigate sensitivity to a single random train/test split. Use this skill if the original training set split is fixed (e.
- ▌ Ion Mobility Dimension Interpolation 2 · holobiomicslabUse when when processing raw IM-MS data (Agilent MassHunter .
- ▌ Isotope Adduct Anchor Identification 2 · holobiomicslabUse when when you have extracted mass tracks (EICs) from individual LC-MS samples and need to establish reliable landmarks for subsequent pairwise or global alignment across a cohort.
- ▌ Kegg Pathway Prediction From Spectra 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have untargeted MS2 spectral data (in MS2MP-compatible format) and need to assign KEGG pathway annotations to unknown metabolites.
- ▌ Left Censored Missingness Simulation 2 · holobiomicslabUse when when you have a complete metabolomics abundance table (e.g., targeted LC/MS or untargeted GC/MS counts) and need to generate synthetic left-censored missingness for evaluating imputation algorithm performance.
- ▌ Lineshape Convolution And Broadening 2 · holobiomicslabUse when after generating theoretical spin multiplets for individual metabolites via first-order or density-matrix NMR simulation, but before combining spectra or applying Fourier transformation.
- ▌ M Z Alignment And Mass Grid Assembly 2 · holobiomicslabUse when when processing multiple centroided mzML LC-MS files from the same study and you need to identify which mass tracks represent the same metabolite across samples.
- ▌ Mass Spectrometry Data Normalization 2 · holobiomicslabUse when when raw MS/MS spectra from GNPS or similar databases contain variable-scale peak intensities, missing metadata, or inconsistent m/z calibration, and you intend to feed peak information into a transformer-based spectral embedding model that expects normalized, fixed-length tensor inputs.
- ▌ Mass Spectrometry Data Preprocessing 3 · holobiomicslabUse when you have raw LCMS data in mzML or mzXML format from DDA, DIA, or fullscan analyses and need to extract metabolite features with unified m/z, retention time, and intensity values across multiple samples before performing MS2 annotation or in-source fragment analysis.
- ▌ Mass Spectrometry Spectral Alignment 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have a pair of MS/MS spectra—one from a known compound and one from a structurally modified variant of that compound—and you need to identify which atoms in the structure likely bear the modification.
- ▌ Massgrid Construction And Validation 2 · holobiomicslabUse when after individual mass tracks (EICs) have been extracted from each sample's mzML file and you need to create a unified, cross-sample m/z reference structure. Triggered when: (1) you have ≥2 samples in a cohort; (2) mass tracks have been binned at 0.
- ▌ Metabolic Network Graph Construction 2 · holobiomicslabUse when when you have an untargeted metabolomics feature table (m/z values, retention times, intensities) and aim to predict functional pathway activity without explicit metabolite identification.
- ▌ Metabolite Quality Metric Assessment 2 · holobiomicslabUse when after drift correction has been applied to a MetaboSet object, and before imputation and batch correction.
- ▌ Metabolomics Data Structure Handling 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have metabolomics data already formatted as a SummarizedExperiment object containing multiple assays (raw counts, log-transformed, imputed, or normalized versions) and need to access specific assay layers alongside batch annotation metadata to perform comparisons (e.
- ▌ Metabolomics Intensity Normalization 2 · holobiomicslabUse when your input is a raw metabolomics intensity matrix (compounds × samples) with known batch assignment and QC sample labels, and you observe signal drift across the analytical sequence or batch-to-batch variation.
- ▌ Missing Data Mechanism Specification 2 · holobiomicslabUse when when you have a metabolomics abundance table with missing values and need to decide which imputation method to apply, or when designing a simulation to evaluate imputation performance.
- ▌ Ms Adduct Annotation And Recognition 2 · holobiomicslabUse when when processing LC-MS peak tables from isotope tracing experiments where multiple ionization adducts ([M+H]+, [M+Na]+, [M+NH4]+, etc.) and in-source fragments have generated redundant features at different m/z values that represent the same underlying metabolite.
- ▌ Neural Network Hyperparameter Tuning 2 · holobiomicslabUse when when training a multilayer perceptron to predict metabolomic features from microbiome abundances, you need dataset-specific hyperparameter configurations because prediction performance (Spearman correlation and well-predicted metabolite counts) varies substantially across microbiome.
- ▌ Nmr Metabolite Identity Confirmation 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have preprocessed 1H NMR spectral data with an unknown or ambiguous peak (e.g., at a specific chemical shift δ), and you need to determine its chemical identity.
- ▌ Organism Count Distribution Analysis 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have a flat file of structure-organism pairs (e.
- ▌ Parent Product Relationship Tracking 2 · holobiomicslabUse when when you have applied biotransformation rules to generate candidate product structures from a set of input molecules (represented as SMILES strings) and need to document which product structures were derived from which parent structures.
- ▌ Peak Quality Classifier Optimization 2 · holobiomicslabUse when after calculating 12 peak-quality metrics on a development set of extracted ion chromatograms (EICs) and labeled peaks, when you need to select both the classification algorithm and its optimal hyperparameters before training a final model on held-out test data.
- ▌ Plate Layout Parameter Configuration 2 · holobiomicslabUse when after uploading a sample list to InjectionDesign and before performing inter-batch balancing and intra-batch randomization.
- ▌ Ppm Error Validation In Metabolomics 2 · holobiomicslabUse when when annotating m/z features from Cardinal MSImagingExperiment objects or LC-MS datasets against metabolite databases (HMDB, Lipidmaps) and you need to exclude matches where the mass difference exceeds your instrumental accuracy or analysis tolerance.
- ▌ Prominence Controlled Peak Selection 2 · holobiomicslabUse when after initial peak detection on composite mass tracks via local maxima and smoothing, when you have unfiltered peak lists (JSON or structured format) containing prominence values and need to reduce the number of detected features while maintaining signal quality.
- ▌ Repository Structure Standardization 2 · holobiomicslabUse when a scientific Python package is being moved to a new GitHub organization with different structural conventions (e.g., from a personal lab account to a community-led organization like metabolomics-cloud or scverse).
- ▌ Retention Time Correlation Filtering 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have detected multiple LC-MS features (m/z peaks) across a chromatogram and need to distinguish true chemical relationships (isotopes differing by 1.003 Da, adducts with characteristic mass shifts, neutral loss fragments) from noise or unrelated peaks.
- ▌ Rsd Threshold Parameter Optimization 2 · holobiomicslabUse when when preparing XCMS peak tables for quality classification and you observe that the default RSD threshold (0.3 or 30%) is either too permissive (retaining noisy EICs) or too stringent (discarding valid signals).
- ▌ Spectral Library Matching Annotation 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have MS2 spectral data (precursor m/z, retention time, and fragment ion patterns) from UPLC-HRMS analysis of environmental or biological samples and need to assign compound identities by comparing against known reference spectra.
- ▌ Spectral Neutral Loss Transformation 2 · holobiomicslabUse when when comparing two or more MSMS spectra and you need to emphasize structural relationships revealed by neutral losses (mass differences between precursor and fragment ions) rather than absolute m/z values.
- ▌ Sterol Lipid Isomer Characterization 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have LC-IM-MS/MS experimental data (raw mzML or vendor format) containing signals from N-Me derived unsaturated sterol lipids and need to assign double-bond positions and stereochemistry to individual sterol isomers rather than sum compositions.
- ▌ Tsv CSV File Parsing And Aggregation 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have TSV or CSV files containing structure-organism pairs (with columns for structure identifier and organism identifier) and need to count unique pairs, unique structures, unique organisms, or enumerate source database identifiers to validate or report dataset scale.
- ▌ Web Application Documentation Mining 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have access to a project README or repository documentation (Zenodo deposit, GitHub, or local clone) describing multiple domain-specific web applications, and you need to produce a machine-readable inventory of those applications with verified live URLs and associated publications for.
- ▌ Ion Mobility Feature Engineering 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have a set of metabolite structures (or their molecular descriptors) and need to construct training or target feature matrices for CCS prediction. Specifically, use it when you are preparing data to fit or apply a machine learning model (e.g., Sklearn v1.0.
- ▌ Polarizability Tensor Extraction 2 · holobiomicslabUse when after ASE-ANI has filtered conformers to remove high-energy geometries, and you need to compute electronic properties required for CCS prediction.
- ▌ Database Record Conditional Update 2 · holobiomicslabUse when when processing mass spectrometry spectral records from a database where critical fields (e.g., adduct annotation) are absent or null, and you have a secondary field (e.g., ionmode: 'pos'/'neg') that can deterministically populate the missing field.
- ▌ Recursive Algorithm Implementation 2 · holobiomicslabUse when after peak detection on LC/HRMS data (mzXML, mzML, netCDF formats) when m/z values require refinement for improved mass accuracy in untargeted metabolomics workflows.
- ▌ Autoencoder Encoder Decoder Design 2 · holobiomicslabUse when when working with imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) datasets where you need to extract latent low-dimensional peak features from high-dimensional peak intensity data while preserving spatial adjacency information.
- ▌ Imaging Data Workspace Integration 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have paired cdf files (raw mass spectrometry imaging data) and Matlab workspace (.mat) files for the same root sample, and you need to reproduce published linear-axis imaging analysis results (e.g., per-root mass spectrometry imaging metrics along a developmental or spatial axis).
- ▌ Keras Tensorflow Model Compilation 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have defined a Keras model architecture (convolutional and dense layers) accepting raw mass spectrometry imaging data tensors and need to prepare it for training on tumor/non-tumor probabilistic classification without prior peak picking.
- ▌ Msi Intensity Matrix Normalization 2 · holobiomicslabUse when after isotope correction when you have extracted intensity matrices from imzML or HDF5 MSI data and need to convert raw or isotope-corrected ion-image intensities into quantified values using a known internal standard lipid species.
- ▌ Corpus Size Coverage Scaling Analysis 2 · holobiomicslabUse when when deploying a Word2Vec-based spectral similarity model (such as Spec2Vec) on a new mass spectrometry dataset and needing to assess whether the pre-trained model's learned peak embeddings sufficiently represent the peaks in your query spectra.
- ▌ Mass Spectrometry Data Format Parsing 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have raw mass spectrometry instrument output (mzML, vendor binary formats, or mzPeak archives) and need to load spectrum metadata, chromatogram data, or signal arrays into memory for quality control, format conversion, or statistical analysis.
- ▌ Neutral Loss Extraction And Weighting 2 · holobiomicslabUse when you have a collection of annotated MS/MS spectra with precursor m/z values and fragment peak lists, and you aim to train or apply a spectral similarity model (such as Spec2Vec Word2Vec) that exploits fragmentation chemistry.