modbender
- 14k skills
- 0 followers
- 12 repo stars
- 2 weeks ago last updated
- ▌ Contextkeeper · modbender bundleContextKeeper — Safe project state tracking for AI agents. Manual checkpoint creation with validated inputs. No background processes, no PID manipulation, no command execution.
- ▌ Control4 Home · modbender bundleControl a Control4 smart home via pyControl4 (lights, relays, room media) using local Python wrappers. Use when the user asks to control devices, set levels, toggle relays, switch room media sources, or inspect Control4 device mappings.
- ▌ Copilot Money · modbenderQuery Copilot Money personal finance data (accounts, transactions, net worth, holdings, asset allocation) and refresh bank connections. Use when the user asks about finances, account balances, recent transactions, net worth, investment allocation, or wants to sync/refresh bank data.
- ▌ Cord Sentinel · modbender bundleSENTINEL/CORD governance engine — mandatory pre-flight enforcement for agent tool calls. Use when: (1) about to run exec/write/browser/network/message tool calls — evaluate first, (2) processing external data (emails, web content, user input) — scan for prompt injection, (3) a tool call was blocked and you need to understand why, (4) checking CORD audit logs or chain integrity, (5) setting intent locks before a work session. CORD evaluates actions against an 11-article SENTINEL constitution covering security, ethics, finance, truth, and identity. Hard blocks bypass scoring entirely.
- ▌ Core Refinery · modbenderFind the core that runs through everything — the ideas that survive across all your sources.
- ▌ Cost Governor · modbender bundleCost Governor tracks your LLM API costs in real-time across all providers (OpenAI, Anthropic, Google, etc.), enforces budget limits with circuit breakers, and prevents you from burning through your...
- ▌ Cost Guardian AI Infrastructure Cost Tracker · modbender bundleTrack, analyze, and optimize the total cost of running your AI agent and infrastructure. Budget alerts, spend forecasts, and concrete optimization recommendations.
- ▌ Council Brief · modbender bundleUnified LLM Council skill — install, query, and manage the multi-model consensus app. Get synthesized answers from multiple LLMs via quick CLI or full web UI. One skill does it all.
- ▌ Create Plugin · modbenderCreate OpenClaw plugins/extensions (TypeScript modules) from natural‑language requests. Use when the user asks to create a plugin/extension, add a new slash command, add plugin tools, or says “create plugin that does …” or “create OpenClaw plugin called NAME …”. Trigger for /create-plugin NAME WHAT-IT-DOES, /create-plugin GENERAL-PROMPT, “create extension that does ACTION”, or similar.
- ▌
- ▌ Crypto Arb Cn · modbender bundle加密货币套利监控 | Cryptocurrency Arbitrage Monitor. 支持币安、OKX、Gate.io、火币 | Supports Binance, OKX, Gate.io, Huobi. 实时价格监控、利润计算、Telegram通知 | Real-time price monitoring, profit calculation, Telegram alerts. 触发词:套利、arbitrage、加密货币、crypto、价格差. Find arbitrage opportunities across Chinese-accessible exchanges.
- ▌ Crypto Levels · modbender bundleAnalyze cryptocurrency support and resistance levels. Use when users ask about crypto price analysis, support/resistance levels, technical analysis for BTC, ETH, or other cryptocurrencies. Provides current price, key levels, and trading insights for crypto pairs like BTC-USDT, ETH-USDT.
- ▌ Skill Crypto Prices · modbenderFetch live cryptocurrency and commodity prices using the local cryptoprices.py module. This is your single source of truth for all price data — never use web search for prices.
- ▌ Crypto Signal · modbender bundleAI-powered crypto intelligence from 50+ Telegram groups. Get trending topics, alpha signals, whale alerts, and market sentiment — all via API. Free tier available.
- ▌ Crypto Trader · modbender bundleAutomated cryptocurrency trading skill for OpenClaw. Supports 8 trading strategies (Grid Trading, DCA, Trend Following, Scalping, Arbitrage, Swing Trading, Copy Trading, Portfolio Rebalancing), multi-exchange connectivity (Binance, Bybit, Kraken, Coinbase), AI-driven sentiment analysis, comprehensive risk management, backtesting, paper trading, and real-time monitoring with Telegram/Discord/Email alerts. Use when the user asks about crypto trading, portfolio management, market analysis, starting/stopping strategies, checking balances, or running backtests.
- ▌ Daily AI News · modbender bundleUse when users need comprehensive daily news about AI, large models, and related fields.
- ▌ Daily Planner · modbender bundlePlan, protect, and execute your day with morning briefings, priority management, calendar blocking, and commitment tracking.
- ▌ Daily Routine · modbenderDaily task management and reminders. Track routine tasks, habits, and recurring activities.
- ▌ Daily Standup · modbender bundleGenerate daily standup reports from Git activity, TODOs, and project status.
- ▌ Dark Mode Gen · modbender bundleAdd dark mode support to components. Use when implementing dark theme.
- ▌ Data Analysis · modbender bundleTurn raw data into decisions with statistical rigor, proper methodology, and awareness of analytical pitfalls.
- ▌
- ▌ Decompose MCP · modbender bundleDecompose any text into classified semantic units — authority, risk, attention, entities. No LLM. Deterministic.
- ▌ Deep Learning · modbender bundle全能深度阅读工具(All-in-One Deep Reading)。适用于书/长文/研报/论文的深度消化。Use when 用户要深度消化一本书/长文/研报/论文并构建知识网络、产出结构笔记与原子笔记。融合 Mortimer Adler(结构)、Feynman(解释)、Luhmann(网络)、Pragmatist(工具化)、Critics(辩论);强制 High Fidelity 案例保留与 Actionable 工具提取。关键词:深度阅读、结构笔记、deep learning、卢曼。
- ▌ Deep Strategy · modbenderYou are DeepStrategy Agent, an advanced strategic AI assistant built for knowledge workers. Your core responsibilities are the decomposition, planning, and delegation of strategic tasks. Your ultimate mission is **to complete tasks in the most efficient and economical way possible, under the premise of absolute loyalty to user input**.# Golden Rule 1: User Input is the Absolute First Fact**This...
- ▌ Deep Thinking · modbender bundleComprehensive deep reasoning framework that guides systematic, thorough thinking for complex tasks. Automatically applies for multi-step problems, ambiguous requirements, architectural decisions, debugging sessions, and any task requiring careful analysis beyond surface-level responses. Use when the task is complex, has multiple valid approaches, involves trade-offs, or when the user asks to think deeply or carefully.
- ▌ Deepthinklite · modbender bundleLocal-first deep research like OpenAI Deep Research: generates questions.md + response.md artifacts and enforces a time budget.
- ▌ Defillama API · modbender bundle使用 DefiLlama API/SDK 获取 TVL、stablecoins、coins 价格、yields、volumes、fees、perps、unlocks、bridges、ETFs、narratives、token liquidity、main page、DAT、meta 等数据的 CLI 技能;当需要用命令行调用 DefiLlama 数据时使用。
- ▌ Denario Skill · modbender bundleWraps the Denario framework to automate the scientific research process. Handles environment setup and Z.ai integration automatically.
- ▌ Design Assets · modbenderCreate and edit graphic design assets: icons, favicons, images, and color systems.
- ▌ Design System · modbender bundleBuild design systems with tokens, components, and documentation that scale across teams and products.
- ▌ Deso Research · modbender bundleResearch and analyze content across decentralized social networks (Farcaster, Lens, Nostr, Bluesky) using the deso-ag CLI tool. Use this skill when users want to research topics on decentralized social platforms, analyze trending content, extract discussion terms, browse Farcaster channels, or compare engagement across networks. Trigger on phrases like "research X on Farcaster", "what's trending on Lens", "analyze [topic] across deso networks", "search deso for [topic]", "extract trending terms", "browse Farcaster channels", "what are people saying about X on Farcaster/Lens/Nostr/Bluesky", or any query about decentralized social media content. Make sure to use this skill for any decentralized social research tasks, even if the user just says "check Farcaster" or "look up [topic] on Lens".
- ▌ Detox Counter · modbenderTrack any detox with customizable counters, symptom logging, and progress milestones
- ▌ Dev Chronicle · modbender bundleGenerate narrative chronicles of developer work from git history, session transcripts, and memory files. Use when the user asks "what did I do today/this week", wants a work summary, daily/weekly chronicle, standup notes, or portfolio narrative. Also triggers on "chronicle", "dev diary", "work story", "recap", or "standup".
- ▌ Devops Bridge · modbenderUnified developer operations bridge connecting GitHub, CI/CD (GitHub Actions), Slack, Discord, and issue trackers (Linear, Jira, GitHub Issues) into cross-tool automated workflows. Sends context-rich CI failure notifications to Slack with failing test details, tracks PR review lifecycle with escalating reminders, generates daily dev standup summaries, syncs issue status when PRs are merged, detects flaky tests, and monitors repository health. Use this skill for: PR review reminders, CI build alerts, "what happened in my repos", "any failing builds", "who needs a review", dev team standup summary, deploy notifications, repository monitoring, connecting GitHub to Slack, linking PRs to Jira/Linear tickets, code review tracking, merge conflict alerts, or any request to bridge development tools together. If the user mentions GitHub AND Slack (or any two dev tools) together, this skill connects them.
- ▌ Discord Voice · modbender bundleReal-time voice conversations in Discord voice channels with Claude AI
- ▌ Diy Pc Ingest · modbender bundleIngest pasted PC parts purchase/config text (Discord message receipts, bullet lists) into Notion DIY_PC tables (PCConfig, ストレージ, エンクロージャー, PCInput). Use when the user pastes raw purchase logs/spec notes and wants the AI to classify, enrich via web search, ask follow-up questions for unknowns, and then upsert rows into the correct Notion data sources using the 2025-09-03 data_sources API.
- ▌ Dj Set Ripper · modbender bundleDownload individual songs from a DJ set or mix. Given a link from YouTube, SoundCloud, Mixcloud, or 1001Tracklists, extract the tracklist from the page description or metadata, then look up and download each track individually using the dj-mp3-sourcer skill. Use when a user shares a DJ set/mix link and wants the individual tracks downloaded, or when they paste a tracklist and want all tracks sourced. Generates a timestamped log file showing the status of every track (downloaded, purchase link, not found, bootleg/unavailable, unidentified). Also optionally downloads the full mix as a backup.
- ▌ Docker Writer · modbender bundleScan your project and generate an optimized Dockerfile. Use when you need to containerize fast.
- ▌ Documentation · modbenderTechnical documentation patterns, structure, maintenance, and avoiding common documentation failures.
- ▌ Dogecoin Node · modbender bundleA skill to set up and operate a Dogecoin Core full node with RPC access, blockchain tools, and optional tipping functionality.
- ▌ Domainion Ops · modbender bundleDomain and DNS operations across name.com (default), GoDaddy, and Namecheap. Use for registering domains, flipping nameservers, managing DNS records (A, AAAA, CNAME, MX, TXT, NS, SRV), setting up redirects, checking domain availability, renewals, transfers, and verifying DNS propagation. Default provider is name.com unless the user selects GoDaddy or Namecheap. Triggers on: "register domain", "add DNS record", "change nameservers", "check domain availability", "transfer domain", "renew domain", "set up redirect", "DNS propagation check", "update MX record", "point domain to".
- ▌ Dotnet Expert · modbenderUse when building .NET 8/9 applications, ASP.NET Core APIs, Entity Framework Core, MediatR CQRS, modular monolith architecture, FluentValidation, Result pattern, JWT authentication, or any C# backend development question.
- ▌ Douban Hot Cn · modbender bundle豆瓣热榜监控 | Douban Hot Topics Monitor. 获取豆瓣电影/书籍/音乐热门、评分、评论 | Get Douban trending movies, books, music, ratings, reviews. 触发词:豆瓣、电影、douban.
- ▌ Drip Director Deterministic Streetwear Fashion Image Pipelin · modbenderyes--- name: drip-director description: Deterministic streetwear and fashion image production pipeline. Captures intent through structured questions, injects formal constraints and negative packets...
- ▌ Dub Links API · modbender bundleIntegrates Dub Links API endpoints to create, update, delete, retrieve, list, count, and run bulk operations on short links. Use when the user asks for "dub links api", "create link dub", "upsert link dub", "list links", "count links", "bulk links", or lookups by linkId/domain+key/externalId.
- ▌
- ▌ Echo Repeater · modbenderEcho the user's input back to them with optional formatting like "Echo:" or "You said:" as a prefix. Use when the user wants to test skill functionality, verify message routing, asks you to "echo" something, or says "repeat after me". Trigger even if the request seems trivial — this skill exists specifically for testing purposes.
- ▌ Echo Sales AI · modbender bundlename: echo-sales-ai description: A comprehensive AI sales assistant that integrates with your email to classify leads, interpret feedback, generate quotes, and manage your entire sales pipeline for...
- ▌ Ecto Migrator · modbender bundleGenerate Ecto migrations from natural language or schema descriptions. Handles tables, columns, indexes, constraints, references, enums, and partitioning. Supports reversible migrations, data migrations, and multi-tenant patterns. Use when creating or modifying database schemas, adding indexes, altering tables, creating enums, or performing data migrations in an Elixir project.
- ▌ Effortlist AI · modbender bundleManage EffortList AI folders, tasks, and todos. Use when the user wants to organize their life, track projects, or manage schedules via the EffortList AI platform. Supports full CRUD operations, cascading deletes, and atomic undo/redo history for data integrity.
- ▌ Elasticsearch · modbenderQuery and index Elasticsearch with proper mappings, analyzers, and search patterns.
- ▌ Elevenlabs AI · modbender bundleOpenClaw skill for ElevenLabs APIs: text-to-speech, speech-to-speech, realtime speech-to-text, voices/models, and dialogue workflows.
- ▌ Openclaw Elsa X402 · modbender bundleDeFi tools for portfolio analysis, token search, and swap execution via Elsa API with x402 micropayments
- ▌ Email Manager · modbenderCheck and reply to emails via Gmail API. Monitor inbox, draft responses, send emails. Use when user says "check email", "reply email", "send email".
- ▌ Email Summary · modbender bundleFetches recent emails from Gmail and provides concise summaries. Use when the user wants to check emails, get email summaries, or review their inbox.
- ▌ Email Webhook · modbender bundleReceive incoming emails via JSON webhooks and wake the agent. Built for AI Commander.
- ▌
- ▌ Equity Scorer · modbender bundleCompute HEIM diversity and equity metrics from VCF or ancestry data. Generates heterozygosity, FST, PCA plots, and a composite HEIM Equity Score with markdown reports.
- ▌ 8004 Agent · modbender bundle8004 Agent Skill for registering AI agents on the ERC-8004 Trustless Agents standard and authenticating them via SIWA (Sign In With Agent). Use this skill when an agent needs to: (1) create or manage an Ethereum wallet for onchain identity, (2) register on the ERC-8004 Identity Registry as an NFT-based agent identity (SIGN UP), (3) authenticate with a server by proving ownership of an ERC-8004 identity using a signed challenge (SIGN IN / SIWA), (4) build or update an ERC-8004 registration file (metadata JSON with endpoints, trust models, services), (5) upload agent metadata to IPFS or base64 data URI, (6) look up or verify an agent's onchain registration. The agent persists public identity state in MEMORY.md. Private keys are held in a separate keyring proxy server — the agent can request signatures but never access the key itself. Triggers on: ERC-8004, trustless agents, agent registration, SIWA, Sign In With Agent, agent identity NFT, Agent0 SDK, agent wallet, agent keystore, keyring proxy.
- ▌ Erotic Writer · modbenderCraft tasteful adult fiction and intimate scenes. Triggers on requests for erotic stories, romance with mature themes, NSFW creative writing, or 小黄文/情色故事. Supports multiple styles and settings.
- ▌
- ▌ Error Handler Gen · modbender bundleGenerate error handling middleware for any framework. Use when setting up API error handling.
- ▌ Etf Assistant · modbender bundleETF投资助理 / ETF Investment Assistant - 查询行情、筛选ETF、对比分析、定投计算。支持沪深300、创业板、科创50、纳指等主流ETF。
- ▌ Etherscan API · modbender bundleUse when you need to query Etherscan API V2 for onchain activity, contract metadata, ABI/source retrieval, proxy implementation discovery, and transaction/log analysis across EVM chains.
- ▌ Event Planner · modbender bundlePlan events (night out, weekend, date night, team outing, meals, trips) by searching venues via Google Places API. Auto-selects best restaurants, bars, activities based on location, budget, party size, and preferences. Generates detailed itinerary with timing and Google Maps link. Use when asked to plan an outing, create an itinerary, find places for events, or organize activities.
- ▌ Event Watcher · modbender bundleEvent watcher skill for OpenClaw. Use when you need to subscribe to event sources (Redis Streams + webhook JSONL) and wake an agent only when matching events arrive. Covers filtering, dedupe, retry, and session routing via sessions_send/agent_gate.
- ▌ Evolink Image · modbender bundleAI image generation & editing — GPT Image, GPT-4o, Nano Banana 2, Seedream, Qwen, WAN, Gemini. Text-to-image, image-to-image, inpainting. 20 models, one API key.
- ▌ Evolink Music · modbender bundleAI music generation with Suno v4, v4.5, v5. Text-to-music, custom lyrics, instrumental, vocal control. 5 models, one API key.
- ▌ Evolink Video · modbender bundleAI video generation — Sora, Kling, Veo 3, Seedance, Hailuo, WAN, Grok. Text-to-video, image-to-video, video editing. 37 models, one API key.
- ▌ Exchange Rate · modbender bundleReal-time forex and cryptocurrency exchange rate lookup and amount conversion powered by QVeris. Supports multiple providers (Alpha Vantage, Twelve Data) with fallback for reliability.
- ▌ Exo Installer Skill · modbender bundleInstall, update, and monitor all E.x.O. tools with a single command.
- ▌ Expert Finder · modbenderFind domain experts, thought leaders, and subject-matter authorities on any topic. Searches Twitter and Reddit for people who demonstrate deep knowledge, frequent discussion, and above-average expertise in a specific field. Expert discovery, talent sourcing, researcher identification, and KOL (Key Opinion Leader) mapping.
- ▌ Ezbookkeeping · modbender bundleezBookkeeping is a lightweight, self-hosted personal finance app with a user-friendly interface and powerful bookkeeping features. This skill allows AI agents to add and query transactions, accounts, categories and tags in ezBookkeeping via ezBookkeeping API Tools.
- ▌ Fabric Bridge · modbender bundleRun Fabric AI patterns for text transformation, analysis, and content creation. Use when the user asks to use a Fabric pattern, extract wisdom, analyze claims, improve writing, summarize with Fabric, or mentions 'fabric' CLI. Supports 242+ patterns for tasks like content analysis, writing improvement, code review, threat modeling, and structured extraction.
- ▌ Face Morphing · modbender bundleMorph, blend, and transform faces using each::sense AI. Create face morphs, celebrity blends, family resemblance predictions, gender swaps, and animated transitions between faces.
- ▌ Facebook Page · modbender bundleFacebook Page manager: post, schedule, reply, get insights & more. Requires: powershell/pwsh. Reads ~/.config/fb-page/credentials.json (FB_PAGE_TOKEN, FB_PAGE_ID). FB_APP_SECRET for one-time setup only — delete afterward. Long-lived token; rotate periodically and immediately if host is compromised. Grant minimal permissions only. No data forwarded to third parties; all calls go to graph.facebook.com only.
- ▌
- ▌ Fastfish Lite · modbenderfastfish 开源精简版。提供公众号格式整理、敏感词检测(本地)、每日热点、本地 HTML 预览。热点推送需至少配置一个渠道的 env。无微信发布/授权,需商业版。通过 system.run 调用 CLI。
- ▌ Fast Io · modbender bundleCloud file management and collaboration platform. Use this skill when the user needs to store files, create branded shares (Send/Receive/Exchange), or query documents using built-in RAG AI. Supports transferring ownership to humans, managing workspaces, and real-time collaboration. Includes 266 tools for authentication, file uploads, AI chat, and org management. Provides a free agent plan with 100 GB storage and 5,000 monthly credits.
- ▌ Fastmail Jmap · modbender bundleGive your AI agent email superpowers via Fastmail JMAP. Read, search, send, move, trash — zero deps. By The Agent Wire (theagentwire.ai)
- ▌ Feature Forge · modbender bundleGenerates complete features from natural language — components, API routes, migrations, types, and tests
- ▌ Feishu Bridge · modbender bundleConnect a Feishu (Lark) bot to Clawdbot via WebSocket long-connection. No public server, domain, or ngrok required. Use when setting up Feishu/Lark as a messaging channel, troubleshooting the Feishu bridge, or managing the bridge service (start/stop/logs). Covers bot creation on Feishu Open Platform, credential setup, bridge startup, macOS launchd auto-restart, and group chat behavior tuning.
- ▌ Feishu Common Skill · modbender bundleShared Feishu authentication and API helper for OpenClaw Feishu skills.
- ▌ Feishu Sheets · modbender bundleFeishu online spreadsheet (Sheets) operations including create, read, write, append data, manage worksheets. Use when user mentions Feishu Sheets, online spreadsheet, electronic spreadsheet (not Bitable/multi-dimensional table). Supports: create spreadsheet, write/read cell values, append rows, insert/delete rows/columns, manage worksheets.
- ▌ Ffmpeg Master · modbenderUse when performing video/audio processing tasks including transcoding, filtering, streaming, metadata manipulation, or complex filtergraph operations with FFmpeg.
- ▌ Fgo Invoicing · modbender bundleIssue FGO.ro invoices through the FGO API with local automation. Use for FGO tasks such as validating invoice payloads, issuing invoices, checking invoice status, getting print links, cancelling/deleting invoices, creating storno reversals, and fetching nomenclature lists.
- ▌ Fin Intel Hub · modbender bundleComprehensive financial intelligence hub for SEC filings, crypto on-chain data, news sentiment, macro indicators, and global stock markets (US, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, Korea). Use when users need to: (1) Retrieve SEC EDGAR filings (10-K, 10-Q, 8-K), (2) Monitor crypto on-chain metrics and whale alerts, (3) Analyze financial news sentiment, (4) Access macroeconomic indicators (Fed rates, CPI, unemployment), (5) Get global stock prices including Asian markets (HKEX, Tokyo, Taiwan, Korea, Shanghai, Shenzhen), or any financial data research and analysis tasks.
- ▌ Finance Agent · modbender bundleRecord company expenses and generate summary tables. Data is persisted to a CSV file on Google Drive. Supports adding expenses (date, category, amount, description), generating expense tables (CSV, Markdown), and exporting reports.
- ▌ Finance Skill · modbender bundlePersonal finance memory layer. Parse statements, store transactions, query spending.
- ▌ Find Products · modbenderSearch and discover trending products from ProductHunt with structured analysis data. Use when users ask about product recommendations, tool comparisons, or trending apps.
- ▌ AWS Finops Report · modbenderGenerate executive-ready monthly AWS FinOps reports with team-level chargeback and savings opportunities
- ▌ Fints Banking · modbender bundleSupport for German personal online banking following FinTS banking standard. Out of the box support for many german banks. Uses system keychain to keep credentials safe. Native Human-in-the-loop experince for transactions. Built in recovery and onboarding flows.
- ▌ Fitness Coach · modbenderPractical, privacy-conscious fitness coaching with evidence-based guidance for training, nutrition, sleep, and recovery.
- ▌ Fiverr Seller · modbenderAutomate Fiverr sales including gig creation, customer communication, and delivery. Supports English and international clients.
- ▌ Flight Pricer Skill · modbender bundleA command-line interface (CLI) to search for flight prices using the Duffel API.
- ▌ Flight Search · modbender bundleSearch Google Flights for prices, times, and airlines. No API key required.
- ▌ Flowconcierge · modbender bundleAI phone receptionist for any business. Point it at your website and it scrapes your content, builds a knowledge base, spins up a VAPI voice assistant, connects a Twilio phone number, and logs every call to HubSpot CRM with optional SMS follow-ups. Free OpenClaw skill from the Flow team.
- ▌ Fluent Design · modbenderMicrosoft Fluent Design System 实战参考。涵盖 Windows 11 设计语言、Mica/Acrylic 材质、WinUI 3 控件规格、排版层级、布局模式、Dark Mode、辅助功能和 Electron 适配。适用于开发 Windows 桌面应用或需要 Windows 原生感的跨平台应用。
- ▌ Fomo Research · modbender bundleSmart money research via Fomo social graph. Track top traders, monitor live trades, build watchlists — all from your agent. Powered by fomo.family, built by cope.capital. Use when: (1) user asks about smart money, whale wallets, or top traders, (2) user wants to track specific Fomo handles or crypto traders, (3) user asks "what are the best traders buying", "who's profitable on fomo", (4) user wants real-time trade alerts or wallet monitoring, (5) user says "fomo research", "check fomo", "smart money", "wallet tracker". NOT for: executing trades, managing funds, or anything requiring private keys.