Bio Clip Seq Differential Clip

Version Compatibility

Reference examples tested with: DEWSeq 1.18+, htseq-clip 2.0+, DESeq2 1.44+, edgeR 4.2+, limma 3.60+, Flipper (commit 2024.04+), Skipper (commit 2023.05+), pybedtools 0.10+, pyranges 0.0.129+.

Before using code patterns, verify installed versions match. If versions differ:

• R: packageVersion('<pkg>') then ?function_name to verify parameters
• Python: pip show <package> then help(module.function) to check signatures
• CLI: <tool> --version then <tool> --help to confirm flags

If code throws unexpected errors, introspect the installed package and adapt the example to match the actual API rather than retrying.

Differential CLIP-seq Analysis

"Identify regions with changed RBP binding across conditions" -> Test for condition-level differences in IP enrichment relative to SMInput, accounting for replicate variance and (where available) sequencing depth normalization. Three statistical scales are possible: peak-level (test each peak as a unit), window-level (test fixed transcriptome windows; DEWSeq, Flipper), or crosslink-site level (test single-nt positions). The choice depends on the biology (narrow regulatory shift vs broad binding-mode change) and on which upstream peak caller was used (CLIPper -> peak-level; Skipper -> window-level; PureCLIP -> CL-level).

• R (window-level, DEWSeq + htseq-clip): library(DEWSeq); dds <- DESeqDataSetFromSlidingWindows(counts, colData, design=~condition); dds <- DESeq(dds); res <- results(dds)
• R (Skipper downstream, Flipper): flipper differential -i skipper_out/ --design design.tsv --contrast treatment vs control -o flipper_out/
• R (peak-level, edgeR): dge <- DGEList(counts=peak_counts, group=condition); dge <- calcNormFactors(dge); design <- model.matrix(~condition); dge <- estimateDisp(dge, design); fit <- glmQLFit(dge, design); res <- glmQLFTest(fit)
• R (peak-level, limma-voom): v <- voom(dge, design); fit <- lmFit(v, design); fit <- eBayes(fit); res <- topTable(fit, coef=2, number=Inf)
• CLI (htseq-clip preprocessing): htseq-clip extract -i annotation.gff -o annotation_windows.bed -w 50 -s 20 && htseq-clip count -i sample.bam -w annotation_windows.bed -o sample.counts.txt

DEWSeq is the EMBL/Hentze-group windowed-NB approach for CLIP binding-site discovery, commonly adapted for differential testing via the interaction design. Flipper is the Skipper-companion tool (Flanagan 2026) for the modern Skipper workflow. Peak-level edgeR/limma-voom work when the upstream peak caller produced a comparable peak BED across conditions (e.g., consensus peaks from CLIPper).

Algorithmic Taxonomy

Methodology evolves; verify DEWSeq vignette and Flipper paper for current best practice. The DEWSeq + htseq-clip pipeline (Schwarzl 2024) is the most-published CLIP-specific differential framework; Flipper (Flanagan 2026) is the modern Skipper-coupled alternative.

Critical Decision: The Interaction-Term Design

Use ~ type + condition + type:condition and test the interaction-term coefficient. This is the single most consequential statistical choice in differential CLIP.

• type = ip vs sminput (whether the library is IP or size-matched input)
• condition = treated vs untreated (or KD vs control)
• type:condition interaction = "Does the IP-vs-input ratio shift across conditions?"

A naive ~ condition design tests whether read counts differ regardless of whether they come from IP or SMInput - this confounds binding changes with expression changes. The interaction term explicitly tests for differential binding (the biologically meaningful signal) rather than differential expression at peak loci.

When testing, extract the interaction-term coefficient: results(dds, name = 'typeip.conditiontreat'). The log2FoldChange returned is the change in IP/input ratio in treated vs untreated - this is what "differential binding" means.

Critical Choice: Peak-Level vs Window-Level vs Crosslink-Level

Three scales differ in resolution and statistical power:

Peak-level (edgeR, limma-voom, DESeq2 on CLIPper peaks): Test each consensus peak's IP/SMInput log2 FC across conditions. Pro: peak boundaries are biologically meaningful; output interpretable. Con: peak set changes across conditions (a new peak in treatment but missing in control complicates testing); SMInput normalization must be applied consistently.

Window-level (DEWSeq, Flipper): Tile transcriptome into fixed 50-100 nt windows; test each window. Pro: comparable across conditions (windows are pre-defined); handles binding-mode shifts within a peak; high statistical power. Con: window-resolution; multiple-testing burden (millions of windows); biological meaning of a window needs translation.

Crosslink-level (custom): Test each single-nt CL position. Pro: nucleotide resolution; captures motif-level shifts. Con: very low coverage per position; massive multiple-testing burden; rarely used in published differential CLIP.

DEWSeq Workflow (Window-Level Differential)

DEWSeq is the EMBL/Hentze-group windowed-NB framework for CLIP binding-site discovery, adapted here for differential testing via the interaction design. The pipeline is:

Goal: Identify transcriptome windows where the IP-vs-SMInput ratio shifts across conditions, accounting for replicate variance with the negative-binomial GLM.

Approach: Use htseq-clip to extract sliding 50 nt windows across annotated features, count reads per window per sample, build a DESeqDataSetFromSlidingWindows object with the ~ type + condition + type:condition interaction design, extract the typeip.conditiontreat interaction coefficient as the differential-binding effect size, and aggregate adjacent significant windows with bedtools merge -d 100.

# Step 1: htseq-clip generates sliding-window count matrices
htseq-clip extract \
    -i gencode.v38.annotation.gff \
    -o annotation_windows.bed \
    --window-size 50 \
    --window-step 20 \
    --feature-type CDS,UTR

# Step 2: count IP and SMInput reads per window per sample
for sample in ip_rep1 ip_rep2 sminput_rep1 sminput_rep2; do
    htseq-clip count \
        -i ${sample}.dedup.bam \
        -a annotation_windows.bed \
        -o ${sample}.counts.txt \
        --mate 2
done
# (For eCLIP, --mate 2 because R2 5' is the truncation site; for iCLIP single-end use --mate 1)

# Step 3: DEWSeq differential testing
htseq-clip mergeCounts \
    -i ip_rep1.counts.txt ip_rep2.counts.txt sminput_rep1.counts.txt sminput_rep2.counts.txt \
    -o merged_counts.tsv

library(DEWSeq)

counts <- read.table('merged_counts.tsv', sep='\t', header=TRUE, row.names=1)
colData <- data.frame(
    sample = c('ip_rep1','ip_rep2','sminput_rep1','sminput_rep2'),
    type = c('ip','ip','sminput','sminput'),
    condition = c('treated','treated','untreated','untreated')
)

dds <- DESeqDataSetFromSlidingWindows(
    countData = counts,
    colData = colData,
    annotObj = 'annotation_windows.bed',
    design = ~ type + condition
)

dds <- DESeq(dds)
# In a model with `~ type + condition`, the IP-vs-input contrast is the simple condition
# main effect; to test the differential CLIP signal between conditions use the interaction
# term name from the design matrix (matches the skill's interaction-term guidance below):
res <- results(dds, name='typeip.conditiontreated')

# Window-level FDR adjustment
res_filtered <- res[!is.na(res$padj) & res$padj < 0.05 & abs(res$log2FoldChange) > 1, ]

# Aggregate adjacent significant windows into differential regions
sig_windows <- as.data.frame(res_filtered)
sig_windows$chr <- gsub('_.*', '', rownames(sig_windows))
# Custom reduce: combine adjacent windows within 100 nt

Flipper Workflow (Skipper-Coupled)

Flipper (Flanagan 2026) is the differential companion to Skipper, operating on the same 100 nt feature-respecting windows with a negative-binomial (DESeq2-based) differential test.

# Assume Skipper has been run on all samples; Skipper output is at skipper_out/
flipper differential \
    -i skipper_out/ \
    --design design.tsv \
    --contrast treatment vs control \
    -o flipper_out/

# design.tsv format:
# sample_id   condition   replicate   ip_or_input
# ip_treat_r1 treatment   1           ip
# ip_treat_r2 treatment   2           ip
# in_treat_r1 treatment   1           input
# ...

Output: differential window BED with log2 FC, p, padj per window.

Peak-Level Differential (CLIPper Upstream)

library(DESeq2)
library(GenomicRanges)
library(Rsubread)

# Step 1: union of CLIPper peaks across conditions
# (See bedtools merge upstream)
peaks <- read.table('consensus_peaks.bed', sep='\t', col.names=c('chr','start','end','name','score','strand'))

# Step 2: count reads per peak per sample with featureCounts
saf <- data.frame(
    GeneID = peaks$name,
    Chr = peaks$chr,
    Start = peaks$start + 1,  # 1-based for featureCounts
    End = peaks$end,
    Strand = peaks$strand
)
counts_ip <- featureCounts(
    files = c('ip_treat_r1.bam','ip_treat_r2.bam','ip_ctrl_r1.bam','ip_ctrl_r2.bam'),
    annot.ext = saf,
    isGTFAnnotationFile = FALSE,
    strandSpecific = 1,
    isPairedEnd = TRUE
)$counts

counts_in <- featureCounts(
    files = c('in_treat_r1.bam','in_treat_r2.bam','in_ctrl_r1.bam','in_ctrl_r2.bam'),
    annot.ext = saf,
    isGTFAnnotationFile = FALSE,
    strandSpecific = 1,
    isPairedEnd = TRUE
)$counts

# Step 3: DESeq2 with IP vs SMInput interaction
all_counts <- cbind(counts_ip, counts_in)
colData <- data.frame(
    type = rep(c('ip','input'), each=4),
    condition = rep(c('treat','treat','ctrl','ctrl'), 2),
    replicate = rep(c('r1','r2','r1','r2'), 2)
)

dds <- DESeqDataSetFromMatrix(countData = all_counts, colData = colData,
                               design = ~ type + condition + type:condition)
dds <- DESeq(dds)

# The interaction term `typeip.conditiontreat` tests:
# does the IP/input ratio differ in treatment vs control?
res <- results(dds, name = 'typeip.conditiontreat')

# Filter
res_sig <- res[!is.na(res$padj) & res$padj < 0.05 & abs(res$log2FoldChange) > 1, ]

The interaction-term design (type:condition) is the correct statistical model for differential CLIP: it tests whether the IP-vs-input ratio differs across conditions, which is what "differential binding" means. Naive testing of just condition (ignoring SMInput) confounds binding changes with expression changes.

RBP Knockdown Experiment Design

The canonical differential CLIP design is to knock down the RBP and observe what binding sites are lost. Caveats:

Per-Tool Failure Modes

DEWSeq -- Slow on dense libraries

Trigger: Whole-genome window tiling at 20 nt step; dense library (50M unique fragments); 4+ samples.

Mechanism: DEWSeq runs DESeq2 internals on millions of windows; the dispersion fit on this many features is slow.

Symptom: Runtime > 6 h; out-of-memory; "size of object exceeds vector limit".

Fix: Increase window step size to 50 nt; pre-filter windows with low counts; or restrict to expressed transcripts only. DEWSeq vignette suggests keep <- rowSums(counts(dds)) >= 30; dds <- dds[keep,] before testing.

DEWSeq -- Custom adjacency aggregation needed

Trigger: Windows are 50 nt; biological binding sites are 50-500 nt; user expects DEWSeq to output continuous "differential regions" but gets individual windows.

Mechanism: DEWSeq outputs per-window results; aggregating adjacent significant windows into regions is a separate step.

Symptom: Output has 10,000 individual windows; user expects 1,000 biological regions.

Fix: Use the DEWSeq utility resultsDEWSeq() then bedtools merge -d 100 on the significant-window BED. Or use the top_hits_to_bed.R script from DEWSeq examples.

Peak-level differential -- Peak set differs between conditions

Trigger: CLIPper called peaks separately per condition; treatment has peaks at sites missing in control (and vice versa).

Mechanism: Peak unification requires a consensus peakset; testing on a "treatment-only" peak underestimates evidence in control (zero reads) and produces spurious DE.

Symptom: "Treatment-specific" peaks dominate DE results; biologically implausible.

Fix: Generate consensus peakset across all conditions (bedtools merge of all per-condition peak BEDs); count reads per consensus peak across all samples; THEN run differential. The Yeo lab convention is consensus peakset across all samples.

Interaction term forgotten

Trigger: DESeq2 design ~ condition instead of ~ type + condition + type:condition.

Mechanism: Simple ~ condition tests whether read counts differ between treatment and control regardless of whether reads are from IP or SMInput. A condition-driven expression change in SMInput is detected as DE binding.

Symptom: DE results dominated by transcripts with global expression changes (housekeeping shifts).

Fix: Always use the interaction-term design. The biologically meaningful test is the interaction type:condition p-value.

Normalization assumptions

Trigger: edgeR calcNormFactors(method='TMM') on CLIP-seq data.

Mechanism: TMM assumes most features (genes) are not differentially expressed. CLIP-seq peak counts can be globally shifted if the RBP itself is knocked down; TMM normalization would force the shift to be invisible.

Symptom: Knockdown experiment shows ~0 DE peaks; expected hundreds.

Fix: Use SMInput as the control library; spike-in normalization if available; or skip TMM and use library-size normalization only. Some CLIP-specific tools (DEWSeq, Flipper) handle this internally.

Flipper requires Skipper upstream

Trigger: Flipper called on CLIPper output.

Mechanism: Flipper expects Skipper's window-level output format with beta-binomial estimates.

Symptom: Flipper crashes or produces nonsense.

Fix: Use DEWSeq with htseq-clip for CLIPper-upstream workflows; use Flipper only with Skipper.

Decision Tree by Scenario

Reconciliation: When Differential Tools Disagree

Operational rule for high-confidence differential reporting: (a) Use SMInput-aware design (~ type + condition + type:condition); (b) generate consensus peakset across conditions; (c) require padj < 0.05 AND |log2FC| > 1; (d) require concordance with at least one orthogonal method (e.g., DEWSeq + edgeR peak-level on same data); (e) for KD experiments, validate KD efficiency by WB and require multiple independent siRNAs.

Common Errors

References

• Schwarzl T et al 2024 Nucleic Acids Res 52:e1 (DEWSeq, windowed NB binding-site discovery; DESeq2-based, adaptable to differential designs)
• Sahadevan S et al 2022 Methods Mol Biol 2404:189 (DEWSeq + htseq-clip pipeline)
• Flanagan K, Xu S, Yeo GW 2026 bioRxiv 2026.03.13.711628 (Flipper, Skipper-companion differential; preprint)
• Boyle EA et al 2023 Cell Genomics 3:100317 (Skipper, parent of Flipper)
• Love MI et al 2014 Genome Biol 15:550 (DESeq2)
• McCarthy DJ et al 2012 Nucleic Acids Res 40:4288 (edgeR)
• Ritchie ME et al 2015 Nucleic Acids Res 43:e47 (limma)
• Yang EW et al 2019 Nat Commun 10:1338 (BEAPR allele-specific protein-RNA binding)
• Van Nostrand EL et al 2020 Nature 583:711 (ENCODE 150 RBP shRNA + eCLIP comparison)

Related Skills

• clip-seq/clip-peak-calling - CLIPper / Skipper outputs feed differential
• clip-seq/clip-qc - Replicate QC required for valid differential
• clip-seq/binding-site-annotation - Annotate differential regions
• clip-seq/clip-motif-analysis - Motif analysis on differential windows
• clip-seq/ago-clip-mirna-targets - Differential miRNA targeting from chimeric eCLIP
• differential-expression/deseq2-basics - Underlying NB GLM model
• differential-expression/de-results - DE results interpretation
• differential-expression/edger-basics - edgeR for peak counts
• chip-seq/differential-binding - DNA-protein analogue