FridrichMethod
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- ▌ Bio Single Cell Scatac Analysis · fridrichmethod bundleAnalyze single-cell ATAC-seq with Signac/ArchR (R) and SnapATAC2 (Python alternative). Use when processing scATAC fragments, choosing a framework, calling consensus peaks, running TF-IDF/LSI while diagnosing the depth component, scoring chromVAR motif deviations against GC-matched backgrounds, detecting homotypic vs heterotypic doublets, or deciding whether to binarize the count matrix.
- ▌ Bio Gene Regulatory Networks Scenic Regulons · fridrichmethod bundleInfer transcription factor regulons from single-cell RNA-seq with pySCENIC by combining GRNBoost2 co-expression, cisTarget motif-enrichment pruning, and AUCell per-cell activity scoring. Covers the motif-pruning-as-directionality principle, regulon specificity scoring, run-to-run stability, and database/species matching. Use when identifying TF regulons, scoring TF activity per cell, finding master regulators of cell identity, or comparing regulon activity across conditions. For enhancer-driven multiomic GRNs see multiomics-grn; for bulk inference and VIPER protein-activity see grn-inference.
- ▌ Scikit Survival · fridrichmethod bundleBuild, evaluate, and audit right-censored or competing-risk survival workflows with scikit-survival, including leakage-safe preprocessing, model selection, probability prediction, and censoring-aware metrics.
- ▌ Bio Tcr Bcr Analysis Scirpy Analysis · fridrichmethod bundleIntegrates single-cell paired TCR/BCR (10x VDJ, AIRR, dandelion, BD Rhapsody) with gene expression in an AnnData/MuData object using scirpy - chain-pairing QC, clonotype definition, clonal expansion, diversity, repertoire overlap, V(D)J usage, and VDJdb specificity. Operates on the awkward-array AIRR model (adata.obsm['airr'], accessed via get.airr after pp.index_chains), not legacy per-chain obs columns. Use when deciding clonotype definition for TCR (exact CDR3-nt identity via define_clonotypes) versus BCR (nucleotide distance clustering via define_clonotype_clusters with normalized_hamming plus same_v_gene/same_j_gene, because somatic hypermutation shatters identity clonotypes); tuning receptor_arms (all vs any), dual_ir, and within_group; filtering chain_qc categories (multichain doublets, orphan dropout, extra-VJ dual-TCR) without biasing clonal-expansion and diversity estimates; and overlaying clonality onto the transcriptomic UMAP.
- ▌ Bio Metagenomics Strain Tracking · fridrichmethod bundleResolves and compares bacterial strains below the species level from shotgun metagenomes with inStrain (popANI/conANI microdiversity), StrainPhlAn (marker-SNV consensus phylogeny and nGD), MIDAS2, metaSNV, and StrainGE, plus genome-vs-genome ANI (skani/fastANI/MASH) for isolate/MAG comparison. Covers why a strain is a threshold not a thing, why ANI answers same-genome while popANI/nGD answer same-population-in-situ, the 99.999% popANI and per-species nGD definitions, the coverage detection limit (absence is not absence), why sharing is not transmission direction, and mapping to the dataset's own dRep MAGs. Use when detecting shared strains, tracking transmission, resolving within-host strain dynamics, or deconvoluting co-occurring strains. For pure-culture isolate outbreak SNP trees see epidemiological-genomics; for MAG assembly see genome-assembly/metagenome-assembly.
- ▌ Bio Chipseq Super Enhancers · fridrichmethod bundleIdentifies super-enhancers from H3K27ac, MED1, or BRD4 ChIP-seq using ROSE, ROSE2, LILY, HOMER -style super, and ENCODE dELS cross-referencing. Handles peak stitching parameters, ranking choices, hockey-stick inflection, marker choice (H3K27ac vs MED1/BRD4), and cross-condition comparison with spike-in normalization. Constructs core regulatory circuitry (Saint-Andre 2016) from SE-encoded TFs. Use when identifying cell-identity / cancer-associated regulatory domains, comparing super-enhancers between conditions, identifying master transcription factor networks, or predicting BET-inhibitor responsiveness.
- ▌ Bio Clinical Biostatistics Trial Reporting · fridrichmethod bundlePrepares statistical reports for clinical trials following CONSORT 2025, SPIRIT 2025, ICH E9(R1) estimands, and FDA 2023 covariate adjustment guidance. Covers Table 1 generation, analysis populations (ITT/FAS/PP/Safety), the 5 ICH E9(R1) intercurrent-event strategies, MMRM under MAR (mmrm), reference-based MI (rbmi J2R/CR/CIR), Permutt tipping-point sensitivity, and Rubin's-rules vs frequentist variance debate. Use when preparing regulatory submissions, defining estimands, or implementing missing-data sensitivity analyses.
- ▌ Bio Write Sequences · fridrichmethod bundleWrite biological sequences to files (FASTA, FASTQ, GenBank, EMBL) using Biopython Bio.SeqIO. Use when saving sequences, creating new sequence files, or outputting modified records.
- ▌ Bio Read Qc Adapter Trimming · fridrichmethod bundleRemoves sequencing adapters from FASTQ reads with Cutadapt and Trimmomatic, including paired-end read-through, small-RNA 3' adapters, amplicon primers, and anchored/linked adapters. Use when FastQC shows adapter content climbing toward the 3' end, when inserts are shorter than the read length (small-RNA, cfDNA, FFPE), or before assembly/k-mer analysis. For all-in-one trimming use fastp-workflow; for quality/length filtering use quality-filtering.
- ▌ Bio Clinical Biostatistics Adaptive Designs · fridrichmethod bundleDesigns adaptive clinical trials including group-sequential (O'Brien-Fleming, Pocock, Lan-DeMets spending), sample-size re-estimation (blinded Friede-Kieser, unblinded Cui-Hung-Wang, Mehta-Pocock promising zone), seamless Phase 2/3 with treatment-arm selection, population enrichment, and response-adaptive randomisation. Covers FDA 2019 Final Adaptive Designs Guidance, FDA 2022 Master Protocols, and ICH E20 Step 2b/3 draft (June 2025, NOT final). Use when planning interim analyses, sample-size re-estimation, or master/platform-trial designs.
- ▌ Bio Admet Prediction · fridrichmethod bundlePredicts ADMET properties using ADMETlab 3.0 (119 platform features, including 77 prediction models with modeled-endpoint uncertainty), ADMET-AI, DeepChem MolNet, and chemprop D-MPNN with explicit handling of OECD QSAR principles, applicability domain assessment, calibration, hERG/CYP/AMES endpoints, and PAINS / Lipinski / Ro5 / Veber / BBB druglikeness filters. Use when filtering compounds for drug-likeness, prioritizing leads by predicted safety, or building an in-house ADMET QSAR model.
- ▌ Bio Epidemiological Genomics Amr Surveillance · fridrichmethod bundleDetects acquired antimicrobial-resistance determinants and chromosomal point-mutation resistance in bacterial assemblies using AMRFinderPlus, ResFinder 4.0 (acquired + PointFinder), CARD-RGI, abritAMR, staramr, and species-specific callers (TB-Profiler, Mykrobe). Harmonises cross-tool output via hAMRonization, contextualises determinants with mobile-genetic-element annotation (MOB-suite, PlasmidFinder, MobileElementFinder, ICEberg), predicts phenotype against EUCAST or CLSI breakpoints, and translates calls into WHO GLASS reporting categories. Use when screening clinical or surveillance isolates for AMR, distinguishing acquired vs intrinsic vs point-mutation resistance, calling rpoB / katG / pncA / gyrA / mgrB mutations, reconciling AMRFinderPlus vs RGI vs ResFinder disagreement, contextualising carbapenemases or mcr alleles on plasmids, predicting susceptibility from genotype against the WHO Mtb 2nd-edition catalogue, or building a hAMRonized multi-lab AMR surveillance pipeline.
- ▌ Bio Crispr Screens Batch Correction · fridrichmethod bundleBatch effect correction for CRISPR screens covering ComBat empirical-Bayes, RUV, SVA, control-sgRNA normalization, and the model-based alternative of including batch as a covariate in MAGeCK MLE or Chronos. Covers screen-specific batch sources (passage cohort, library lot, infection day, sequencing run, Cas9 lot, FBS lot), PCA + variance-decomposition diagnostic to decide if correction is needed, when correction harms biology by over-correcting condition into batch, limma removeBatchEffect for visualization-only correction, and relationship to multi-condition design matrices. Use when combining screens for joint analysis, when passage cohort confounds biology, when DepMap-style panels need Chronos with batch covariates, when picking ComBat vs RUV, or when correction harms biology and should be replaced with explicit covariate modeling.
- ▌ Bio Batch Processing · fridrichmethod bundleProcess many sequence files in batch (count, merge, split, convert, summarize) with memory-safe streaming and on-disk indexing using Biopython, pysam, or pyfastx. Use when iterating over a directory of FASTA/FASTQ files, merging or splitting datasets, building random access across many or huge files, or automating per-file operations without exhausting RAM.
- ▌ Bio Alignment Io 2 · fridrichmethod bundleRead, write, and convert multiple sequence alignment files using Biopython Bio.AlignIO. Supports Clustal, PHYLIP, Stockholm, FASTA, Nexus, and other alignment formats for phylogenetics and conservation analysis. Use when reading, writing, or converting alignment file formats.
- ▌ Bio Pathway Gsea 2 · fridrichmethod bundleGene Set Enrichment Analysis using clusterProfiler gseGO and gseKEGG. Use when analyzing ranked gene lists to find coordinated expression changes in gene sets without arbitrary significance cutoffs. Detects subtle but coordinated expression changes.
- ▌ Cellxgene Census · fridrichmethodQuery CELLxGENE Census (61M+ cells). Search by cell type/tissue/disease/organism; get AnnData, stream out-of-core, train PyTorch models. For your own data use scanpy; for annotated data use anndata.
- ▌ Bio Atac Seq Co Accessibility · fridrichmethod bundleInfer cis-regulatory connections (peak-to-peak co-accessibility) from scATAC-seq using Cicero, ArchR getCoAccessibility, or SCENIC+. Use when linking enhancer accessibility to promoter accessibility, identifying enhancer-gene pairs from chromatin alone (without paired RNA), running gene-regulatory inference combining ATAC + RNA, or comparing predicted regulatory contacts against Hi-C/Micro-C ground truth.
- ▌ Bio Compressed Files · fridrichmethod bundleRead, write, and index compressed sequence files (gzip, bzip2, xz, BGZF) with Biopython and bgzip/samtools. Use when working with .gz, .bz2, or .bgz sequence files, when random access into a compressed FASTA/FASTQ is needed, or when SeqIO.index/faidx/tabix rejects a plain .gz. Covers the BGZF-vs-gzip seekability asymmetry, the 'rt'-not-'rb' handle trap, virtual offsets, and gzip-to-BGZF conversion.
- ▌ Bio Differential Expression De Visualization · fridrichmethod bundleCreates DE-specific diagnostic and result visualizations using DESeq2/edgeR built-in functions and lightweight ggplot2 wrappers. Covers MA plot (with the shrunken-LFC compression effect), volcano (with the apeglm caveat that p-values are unchanged), PCA on VST/rlog (never raw counts), sample distance heatmaps, top-DE-gene heatmaps with the row-scaling trap, dispersion / BCV plot interpretation, p-value histogram diagnostics, plotCounts for individual genes, blind=TRUE vs FALSE rationale, and the n=3 visualization stake. Use when generating DE diagnostic plots, choosing VST vs rlog for visualization, troubleshooting suspicious plot patterns (shifted MA cloud, batch-dominated PCA, anti-conservative p-value histogram), or building a standard QC figure panel.
- ▌ Bio Filter Sequences · fridrichmethod bundleFilter and select sequences by criteria (length, ID, GC content, N content, motifs, patterns, description) using Biopython, streaming so large files never load into RAM. Use when subsetting a FASTA/FASTQ file, removing unwanted or low-quality records, or selecting records by specific criteria. Use the paired-end-fastq skill instead whenever the input is paired R1/R2 reads.
- ▌ Bio Genome Assembly Genome Profiling · fridrichmethod bundleProfiles a genome from raw reads BEFORE assembly with a k-mer spectrum (KMC or Jellyfish histogram), then models it with GenomeScope2 to estimate genome size, heterozygosity, repeat content, and ploidy, and Smudgeplot to infer ploidy from heterozygous k-mer pairs (diploid AB vs triploid AAB vs tetraploid AABB). Covers choosing k via Merqury best_k.sh, the k-mer-coverage vs sequencing-coverage confusion, reading het/repeat/contamination/organelle peaks, why noisy ONT must not be used for counting, and how the estimate becomes the NG50 denominator, the Flye -g value, the hifiasm --hom-cov/purge setting, and the 1.5-2x-too-big haplotig sanity check. Use when starting any de novo assembly, deciding whether short reads can work, estimating genome size for an unknown organism, diagnosing ploidy, or sanity-checking an assembly's size against expectation.
- ▌ Bio Hi C Analysis Hic Differential · fridrichmethod bundleCompares Hi-C contact maps between conditions across the right scale -- differential bin-pair contacts (multiHiCcompare, diffHic), differential A/B compartments (dcHiC), differential TAD boundaries (delta insulation), and differential loops (diffloop, DiffHiChIP) -- with distance-stratified between-sample normalization, replicate-aware NB-GLM FDR, HiCRep SCC reproducibility gating, and CNV correction for cancer/aneuploid samples. Use when comparing Hi-C between treatment and control, finding differential contacts/compartments/boundaries/loops, normalizing two maps of unequal depth, choosing a replicate-aware test, gating replicates with SCC, or correcting copy-number artifacts before a tumor-vs-normal comparison.
- ▌ Bio Long Read Sequencing Medaka Polishing · fridrichmethod bundlePolishes Oxford Nanopore draft assemblies to higher consensus accuracy with medaka, a basecaller-model-specific neural consensus net, produces haploid variant calls (VCF) for microbial, mitochondrial, or viral samples, and generates amplicon/viral consensus sequences. Covers the model-matching footgun that silently degrades output, why Racon-first is obsolete and medaka runs directly on Flye output as a single pass, why HiFi must never be fed to medaka, the v1->v2 subcommand renames, and the precise medaka_variant deprecation. Use when polishing an ONT-only assembly, generating an amplicon/viral consensus, calling a haploid ONT consensus, or deciding whether medaka, dorado polish, or Clair3 is the right tool.
- ▌ Memory Forensics · fridrichmethod bundleMaster memory forensics techniques including memory acquisition, process analysis, and artifact extraction using Volatility and related tools. Use when analyzing memory dumps, investigating incidents, or performing malware analysis from RAM captures.
- ▌ Bio Multi Omics Mofa Integration · fridrichmethod bundleDiscovers shared and view-specific latent factors across bulk multi-omics blocks (RNA-seq, proteomics, methylation) on a common sample axis with MOFA2's unsupervised Bayesian group factor model, then attributes per-view variance explained and interprets signed factor weights. Covers why a factor is an unsupervised axis of variance and not a pathway, why a factor that correlates with batch is a batch factor, why the per-view variance-explained table is the primary read-out rather than p-values, why raw counts in a Gaussian view make factor 1 the library-size factor, and why MOFA2 handles missing omics-per-sample natively. Use when integrating two or more bulk omics to find joint axes of variation, choosing factor count, labeling factors against metadata, or running enrichment on factor weights. For supervised discriminant integration see mixomics-analysis; for the method decision see integration-design; for single-cell see single-cell/multimodal-integration; for enrichment see pathway-analysis/gsea.
- ▌ Bio Genome Annotation Ncrna Annotation · fridrichmethod bundleIdentifies non-coding RNAs (tRNA, rRNA, snoRNA, snRNA, riboswitches, sRNAs) using Infernal covariance-model search against Rfam, tRNAscan-SE 2.0 for tRNA, barrnap for rRNA, and ARAGORN for tmRNA, plus the small-RNA-seq boundary for miRNA and the transcript-assembly boundary for lncRNA. Covers the structure-conserved-not-sequence-conserved principle (why BLAST fails), GA-threshold and clan-competition correctness, tRNAscan-SE domain modes and pseudogene flags, rDNA copy-number collapse, and why homology annotation is a recall floor. Use when performing genome-wide ncRNA annotation, choosing the right tool for an RNA class, or interpreting ncRNA counts.
- ▌ Bio Metabolomics Normalization Qc · fridrichmethod bundleDesigns QC, corrects signal drift, removes batch effects, filters features, normalizes samples, and imputes missing values for untargeted LC-MS/GC-MS metabolomics, framing each step as a measurement model that can create or erase biological signal. Use when processing a peak/feature table before statistical analysis, choosing a drift-correction or sample-normalization method, deciding QC RSD vs D-ratio filtering, or handling left-censored missing values. The feature table is produced by metabolomics/xcms-preprocessing or metabolomics/msdial-preprocessing; transformation/scaling for modeling defers to metabolomics/statistical-analysis; cross-study design issues link to experimental-design/batch-design.
- ▌ Optimize For Gpu · fridrichmethod bundleGPU-accelerates scientific Python on NVIDIA hardware and verifies that the result is correct and faster. Use for CUDA/GPU optimization; CPU-bound NumPy, SciPy, pandas, scikit-learn, NetworkX, scikit-image, vector-search, image-processing, graph, simulation, or file-I/O workloads; CuPy, cuDF, cuML, cuGraph, cuVS, cuCIM, KvikIO, Warp, Newton, Numba-CUDA, or RAFT questions; and profiling, memory-transfer, kernel, or multi-GPU bottlenecks. Also use when large data-parallel Python code is slow and GPU acceleration is a plausible option, even if the user does not name CUDA.
- ▌ Bio Paired End Fastq · fridrichmethod bundleHandle paired-end FASTQ files (R1/R2) using Biopython while keeping mates synchronized. Use when working with Illumina paired reads, synchronizing pairs, filtering both mates together with orphan routing, interleaving/deinterleaving, or matching mates by read name.
- ▌ Bio Clinical Databases Pharmacogenomics · fridrichmethod bundleQueries PharmGKB / CPIC / DPWG for drug-gene interactions; calls CYP2D6/CYP2C9/CYP2C19/DPYD/TPMT/NUDT15/UGT1A1/SLCO1B1 star alleles and phenotype with PharmCAT, Cyrius (CYP2D6 structural variants), Aldy, Stargazer; applies Caudle 2020 activity-score translation. Use when implementing pharmacogenomic-guided prescribing, applying CPIC vs DPWG guidance, screening HLA risk alleles for ICI / antiepileptics / abacavir, or interpreting compound TPMT+NUDT15 thiopurine risk.
- ▌ Pharmgx Reporter · fridrichmethod bundlePharmacogenomic report from DTC genetic data (23andMe/AncestryDNA) — 12 genes, 31 SNPs, 51 drugs
- ▌ Bio Protac Degraders · fridrichmethod bundleDesigns PROTACs, molecular glues, and bivalent degraders with explicit handling of E3 ligase choice (VHL, CRBN, IAP, MDM2, KEAP1), linker design (length, composition, rigidity), ternary complex prediction (PRosettaC, DeepTernary, AlphaFold3), cooperativity (alpha), DC50 / Dmax characterization, hook effect, and prediction-experiment reconciliation. Use when designing targeted protein degraders, planning linker SAR, predicting ternary complex stability, or building generative degrader workflows.
- ▌ Scanpy Scrna Seq · fridrichmethod bundlescRNA-seq with Scanpy: QC, normalization, HVG selection, PCA, neighborhood graph, UMAP/t-SNE, Leiden clustering, markers, cell annotation, trajectory inference. Standard scRNA-seq exploration.
- ▌ Bio Shape Similarity · fridrichmethod bundlePerforms 3D shape-based similarity searching using ROCS (OpenEye), USRCAT (ultra-fast), Open3DAlign (RDKit), ESPSim (electrostatic), and ShaEP with explicit handling of Tanimoto-Combo (shape + color), shape vs ECFP4 complementarity, conformer-ensemble searching, alignment optimization, and scaffold hopping. Use when searching for shape-mimicking compounds with different scaffolds, identifying bioisosteric replacements, prospective scaffold hopping, or expanding hit series beyond 2D similarity.
- ▌ Bio Atac Seq Single Cell Atac · fridrichmethod bundleProcess and analyze single-cell ATAC-seq data with Signac, ArchR, SnapATAC2, or Cell Ranger ATAC. Use when handling 10X scATAC or 10X Multiome (paired RNA+ATAC) data, performing per-cell QC, choosing between ArchR/Signac/SnapATAC2 ecosystems, building per-cluster consensus peaksets, integrating with paired scRNA-seq, doublet detection (AMULET vs ArchR vs scDblFinder), or running pseudobulk differential accessibility per cluster.
- ▌ Bio Imaging Mass Cytometry Spatial Analysis · fridrichmethod bundleAnalyze spatial cell-cell interactions, neighborhoods, and niches in IMC/MIBI data with squidpy and imcRtools, covering neighborhood-enrichment permutation nulls, the abundance-vs-density confound, inhomogeneous Ripley's K, cellular-neighborhood discovery, graph-construction (contact vs proximity), and edge effects. Use when testing whether cell types co-locate, choosing a spatial null, building a neighbor graph, discovering tissue niches, or deciding whether a spatial pattern is real or a density/segmentation artifact.
- ▌ Bio Atac Seq Atac Peak Calling · fridrichmethod bundleCall accessible chromatin regions from ATAC-seq BAM files using MACS3, MACS2, Genrich, or HMMRATAC. Use when identifying open chromatin from aligned ATAC-seq, choosing between point-source vs HMM peak callers, applying ENCODE-style pseudoreplicate IDR, removing blacklist regions, or fixing 501bp consensus peaks for downstream differential analysis.
- ▌ Bio Single Cell Batch Integration · fridrichmethod bundleIntegrate multiple scRNA-seq samples or batches with Harmony, scVI/scANVI, Seurat (CCA/RPCA), fastMNN, Scanorama, or BBKNN. Resolves which method to use for the dataset size and design, how strongly to correct, when integration is the wrong move (confounded batch/biology), how to score integration with scIB metrics without gaming them, and why corrected expression must not be used for differential expression. Use when integrating batches or datasets, choosing an integration method, diagnosing over-correction, or judging integration quality.
- ▌ Bio Genome Intervals Bedgraph Handling · fridrichmethod bundleGenerates, normalizes, and converts bedGraph signal tracks (4-column chrom/start/end/value, 0-based half-open) with bedtools genomecov, deepTools bamCoverage/bamCompare/bigwigCompare, bedtools unionbedg, and UCSC bedGraphToBigWig. Covers why a raw coverage bedGraph is not comparable across samples until normalized, the CPM/RPKM/BPM/RPGC normalization menu and the conserved-total assumption that makes them wrong under a global perturbation, the strict sorted-non-overlapping-chrom.sizes bedGraphToBigWig contract that silently corrupts a bigWig, effective-genome-size selection, and bin-size aliasing. Use when building or normalizing a coverage/signal track from a BAM, comparing tracks across samples or conditions, converting bedGraph to a browser-ready bigWig, or diagnosing a track that looks plausible but reports wrong heights.
- ▌ Bio Methylation Bismark Alignment · fridrichmethod bundleAligns bisulfite-converted (WGBS, RRBS, PBAT) and enzymatic (EM-seq) short reads to an in-silico C->T/G->A-converted reference with Bismark (Bowtie2 or HISAT2), preparing the genome index, choosing the directional vs non-directional vs PBAT strand flag, deduplicating WGBS/EM-seq (never RRBS), and bounding bisulfite conversion efficiency with unmethylated lambda and methylated pUC19 spike-ins. Covers why the library protocol (not the aligner) decides whether calls are meaningful, why incomplete conversion masquerades as methylation, the 3-letter reduced-complexity mapping bias (50-70% efficiency is normal), and M-bias end-clipping. Use when aligning bisulfite or EM-seq reads, preparing a bisulfite genome, choosing the strand flag, or diagnosing low mapping efficiency. For methylation extraction see methylation-calling; for long-read MM/ML modification calling see long-read-sequencing/nanopore-methylation.
- ▌ Bio Clinical Biostatistics Categorical Tests · fridrichmethod bundleTests associations between categorical variables in clinical data using chi-square, Fisher's exact, Boschloo, Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel, and modern McNemar variants with calibrated confidence intervals (Wilson, Newcombe, Miettinen-Nurminen). Use when analyzing categorical outcomes, paired binary endpoints, or testing treatment-outcome independence in confirmatory or exploratory clinical trials.
- ▌ Bio Imaging Mass Cytometry Cell Segmentation · fridrichmethod bundleSegment single cells from multiplexed IMC/MIBI tissue images using Mesmer/DeepCell, Cellpose, or ilastik+CellProfiler, covering whole-cell vs nuclear segmentation, the summed-membrane-channel decision, nuclear-expansion bias, lateral spillover, resolution-floor parameters, and downstream-proxy evaluation. Use when delineating cells after preprocessing, choosing a segmentation model, building a cell mask for quantification, diagnosing impossible double-positive populations, or troubleshooting over/under-segmentation.
- ▌ Bio Temporal Genomics Circadian Rhythms · fridrichmethod bundleTests and estimates rhythmicity at a PRE-SPECIFIED period (canonically 24h) in time-series omics using cosinor regression (CosinorPy), JTK_CYCLE/ARSER/Lomb-Scargle meta-analysis (MetaCycle meta2d), and non-parametric tests for asymmetric waveforms (RAIN, DiscoRhythm); estimates phase (acrophase), amplitude, and MESOR, and controls FDR with an effect-size (rAMP) filter against over-detection. Use when testing for 24-hour or other known-period oscillations in a single condition (circadian, feeding-fasting, or light-dark experiments) and estimating their phase/amplitude. Not for unknown-period discovery (see temporal-genomics/periodicity-detection) or comparing rhythms between conditions (see temporal-genomics/differential-rhythmicity).
- ▌ Claw Semantic Sim · fridrichmethodSemantic Similarity Index for disease research literature using PubMedBERT embeddings
- ▌ Clawhub Installer · fridrichmethod bundleInstalls 425 bioinformatics skills covering sequence analysis, RNA-seq, single-cell, variant calling, metagenomics, structural biology, and 56 more categories. Use when setting up bioinformatics capabilities or when a bioinformatics task requires specialized skills not yet installed.
- ▌ Bio Copy Number Cnv Visualization · fridrichmethod bundleVisualize copy number profiles, segments, allele-specific tracks, and cohort patterns from CNVkit, GATK, ASCAT, FACETS, Sequenza, and other callers. Covers genome-wide and per-chromosome log2 scatter plots, B-allele-frequency/minor-allele-fraction tracks, ideograms, cohort heatmaps, circos views, and caller-native plots. Use when creating publication CNV figures, choosing which plot answers a given question, diagnosing a wrong diploid baseline visually, displaying loss of heterozygosity, or deciding what depth-only plots cannot reveal.
- ▌ Bio Ecological Genomics Community Ecology · fridrichmethod bundleAnalyzes species-environment relationships with constrained ordination (CCA, RDA, db-RDA), variance partitioning, indicator species (indicspecies IndVal.g group-equalized), PERMANOVA paired MANDATORILY with PERMDISP (Anderson & Walsh 2013; dispersion confounds centroid tests), Joint Species Distribution Models (HMSC, sjSDM, gjam) with explicit rejection of "residual covariance equals biotic interaction", phylogenetic community ecology (SES_MPD/MNTD), trait-environment via RLQ + fourth-corner with corrected modeltype=6 (Dray 2014), bipartite network metrics (NODF, modularity) with curveball null (Strona 2014), and Mantel-test replacements (dbRDA, GDM) for spatial data. Use when testing how environmental gradients structure communities, identifying habitat indicator taxa, partitioning variance among predictors, deciding whether PERMANOVA significance is location vs dispersion, picking among HMSC/sjSDM/gjam, or replacing Mantel tests for landscape data.
- ▌ Bio Atac Seq Consensus Peakset · fridrichmethod bundleBuild a differential-ready consensus peakset from per-replicate ATAC-seq peaks using iterative overlap removal, fixed-width re-centering, and majority-rule overlap. Use when generating a stable peak coordinate system for downstream differential accessibility, ML feature engineering, cross-sample comparison, or fixed-width peak counts; covers Corces 2018 iterative overlap (501 bp), DiffBind summit re-centering, and ENCODE consistency rules.
- ▌ Bio Clip Seq Differential Clip · fridrichmethod bundleIdentify differentially bound regions across CLIP-seq conditions (knockdown vs control, treatment vs vehicle, disease vs healthy) using DEWSeq (sliding-window DESeq2), Flipper (Skipper-downstream), ASpeak, edgeR, or limma-voom. Use when computing condition-level changes in RBP binding intensity, choosing peak-level vs window-level vs crosslink-level testing, designing replicate experiments, or distinguishing biological binding shifts from technical confounders.
- ▌ Bio Phylo Divergence Dating · fridrichmethod bundleEstimate divergence times under molecular-clock models with BEAST2, MCMCTree/PAML, TreePL, and LSD2, framing a date as a product of the calibration prior and the clock model far more than of the sequence data. Covers why branch length = rate x time is nonidentifiable so only calibrations convert relative rate-time into absolute age; why the effective (marginal) prior on a calibrated node differs from the density specified, mandating a sample-from-prior run; the fossil-as-minimum rule, soft bounds, tip-dating, and the fossilized birth-death process; the temporal-signal check (TempEst root-to-tip regression + date-randomization) required before dating viruses or ancient DNA; and clock-model choice via the coefficient of variation. Use when dating nodes, calibrating with fossils or sampling dates, choosing a clock or dating engine, or routing topology to modern-tree-inference, posteriors to bayesian-inference, and rooting to tree-manipulation.
- ▌ Bio Single Cell Doublet Detection · fridrichmethod bundleDetect and remove doublets (two or more cells in one droplet) from single-cell RNA-seq using scDblFinder (R), Scrublet (Python), and DoubletFinder (R). Use when flagging artificial intermediate populations before clustering, setting the expected doublet rate from recovered-cell counts, running detection per sample before integration, choosing between simulate-and-score methods, or interpreting a non-bimodal score histogram.
- ▌ Bio Format Conversion · fridrichmethod bundleConvert between sequence file formats (FASTA, FASTQ, GenBank, EMBL, Stockholm) and re-encode FASTQ quality offsets using Biopython Bio.SeqIO. Use when changing a file format for a downstream tool, fixing FASTQ quality encoding (Phred+33 vs Phred+64 vs Solexa), or when a conversion risks silently dropping annotations or quality scores.
- ▌ Bio Generative Design · fridrichmethod bundleDesigns novel molecules using REINVENT 4 (de novo, scaffold decoration, linker design, R-group, molecular optimization), MolMIM, Diffusion-based generators (DiGress, DiffSMol), and JT-VAE with explicit handling of multi-parameter optimization (MPO), goal-directed scoring functions, transfer/reinforcement/curriculum learning, synthetic accessibility scoring, and chemical space exploration vs exploitation. Use when designing new chemical matter against a target, decorating a scaffold, linking fragments, or optimizing a hit for multiple ADMET / activity properties simultaneously.
- ▌ Bio Long Read Sequencing Haplotype Phasing · fridrichmethod bundlePhases small variants, SVs, and methylation from Oxford Nanopore and PacBio long reads (read-backed/physical phasing) with WhatsHap, LongPhase, or HiPhase, and haplotags the BAM (HP/PS tags) for allele-resolved downstream analysis. Covers why phase blocks break at het-sparse gaps (read length x heterozygosity), why phasing the VCF is useless until the BAM is haplotagged, the GT-pipe/PS and read HP/PS tag spec, reporting block N50 with switch error, the diploid-assumption/CNV/haploid-region traps, trio phasing as the gold standard, and the boundary to statistical panel phasing. Use when phasing long-read variants, haplotagging reads for allele-specific methylation/expression or phased SVs, choosing WhatsHap vs LongPhase vs HiPhase, trio phasing, or assessing phasing quality.
- ▌ Bio Hi C Analysis Hic Visualization · fridrichmethod bundleRenders Hi-C contact matrices honestly and reproducibly with matplotlib, cooltools, HiCExplorer, pyGenomeTracks, FAN-C, CoolBox, and plotgardener. Covers the raw/ICE-balanced/observed-over-expected transform choice, LogNorm vs symmetric-diverging colormaps with vmax/percentile clipping, resolution-to-feature matching (compartments 100-500kb, TADs 10-40kb, loops 5-10kb), square vs rotated-triangle track-stacking, NaN/white-stripe handling, virtual 4C, APA/saddle/on-diagonal pileups, two-condition side-by-side and log2-ratio maps, and interactive (HiGlass) vs scripted-static publication figures. Use when plotting a contact matrix, choosing a normalization or color scale, building a multi-track Hi-C figure, making a virtual 4C profile, piling up loops/boundaries, or comparing two conditions.
- ▌ Bio Hi C Analysis Hichip Plac Loops · fridrichmethod bundleCalls significant loops from protein-directed and targeted 3C assays (HiChIP, PLAC-seq, Capture Hi-C/PCHi-C, ChIA-PET) where the contact background is peak-anchored and coverage-biased, so generic Hi-C loop callers (cooltools dots, Juicer HiCCUPS) use the wrong null. Covers FitHiChIP (config-driven coverage+distance-decay spline regression, peak-to-peak vs peak-to-all foreground, loose vs stringent background, coverage vs ICE bias), MAPS (positive Poisson regression on bias factors for PLAC-seq/HiChIP), hichipper (restriction-site-distance bias model + library QC), CHiCAGO (Delaporte two-component Brownian+technical background for asymmetric bait x other-end Capture Hi-C), the with/without separate-ChIP anchor decision, and differential loops via diffloop. Use when calling loops from HiChIP/PLAC-seq/Capture Hi-C, choosing FitHiChIP/MAPS/CHiCAGO, picking peak-to-all vs peak-to-peak, setting the loop FDR, supplying ChIP peaks as anchors, QCing a HiChIP library, or comparing loops between conditions.
- ▌ Bio Isoform Switching · fridrichmethod bundleAnalyzes differential transcript usage (DTU) and isoform switches with functional consequence prediction (NMD via 50nt rule, ORF disruption, protein domain loss/gain, signal peptide changes, IDR alterations, coding-potential shifts). Tools include IsoformSwitchAnalyzeR v2 (auto-selects satuRn for >5 reps else DEXSeq), the manual DRIMSeq -> DEXSeq/satuRn -> stageR DTU pipeline, and fishpond/swish for inferential-uncertainty-aware DTE. Distinguishes DTU from DGE and DTE; integrates external annotators (CPC2, Pfam, SignalP, IUPred2A or DeepTMHMM). Use when investigating how splicing differences alter protein function or trigger NMD-mediated degradation.
- ▌ Literature Review · fridrichmethodConducting systematic, scoping, and narrative literature reviews. Covers PRISMA/PRISMA-ScR protocols, search strategy (Boolean, MeSH), database selection (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase), screening, data extraction, evidence synthesis (narrative, meta-analysis, thematic), and reporting. Use when planning or executing a formal literature review.
- ▌ Bio Hi C Analysis Matrix Operations · fridrichmethod bundleBalances Hi-C contact matrices (ICE via cooler.balance_cooler, KR/SCALE/VC context), computes distance-decay expected with cooltools (expected_cis per-diagonal P(s), expected_trans scalar), builds observed/expected (O/E) matrices, and diagnoses polymer state from the P(s) log-derivative. Covers the within-matrix-vs-cross-sample distinction (balancing is NOT a normalizer), the equal-visibility assumption that CNV/aneuploidy violates (use raw counts for copy-number), cis-only balancing, mad_max/blacklist masking before balancing, multiplicative cooler weights vs divisive juicer weights, and the resolution-vs-depth budget. Use when balancing a .cool/.mcool, computing expected or P(s), making O/E matrices for compartments/loops, deciding ICE vs KR vs SCALE, choosing a resolution for a given depth, or troubleshooting NaN/all-NaN balanced matrices; route cross-sample comparison to hic-differential.
- ▌ Bio Multi Omics Mixomics Analysis · fridrichmethod bundleBuilds supervised and unsupervised multivariate integration across bulk omics blocks with mixOmics - sPLS for sparse pairwise correlation, DIABLO (block.splsda) for a multi-block discriminant signature, rCCA for regularized canonical correlation, and MINT for multi-study integration. Covers why these projection methods maximize covariance or correlation and not truth, why DIABLO's design matrix is the central correlation-versus-discrimination decision, why cross-validation must wrap keepX selection or the reported error is leaked, why balanced error rate is required under class imbalance, and why DIABLO needs matched samples while MINT handles multiple cohorts. Use when finding a cross-omic discriminant signature for a known outcome, selecting correlated features between two omics, tuning keepX, or integrating one omic across studies. For unsupervised factors see mofa-integration; for the method decision see integration-design; for cross-validation theory see machine-learning/model-validation.
- ▌ Bio Clinical Databases Myvariant Queries · fridrichmethod bundleQueries myvariant.info BioThings aggregator for ClinVar, gnomAD, dbSNP, dbNSFP, COSMIC, CADD, and CIViC annotations in batched, version-tracked requests. Use when annotating variant lists from multiple databases simultaneously without managing per-source APIs, and when reproducibility-grade analyses require recording source data versions via _meta.
- ▌ Bio Ncbi Datasets CLI · fridrichmethod bundleDownload genome assemblies, gene records, and ortholog data from NCBI using the modern Datasets v2 CLI (replaces assembly_summary.txt scraping and many EFetch workflows). Use when bulk-pulling genome assemblies, gene metadata across species, ortholog sets, or BLAST databases; when E-utilities are too slow for genome-scale work; or when automatic checksum verification, parallel download, and clean accession-driven retrieval are required. Encodes the JSON-lines output format, dataformat conversion, --dehydrated for cloud workflows, and when Datasets is/isn't the right tool.
- ▌ Bio Workflow Management Nf Core Pipelines · fridrichmethod bundleRuns and configures curated nf-core community Nextflow pipelines (rnaseq, sarek, atacseq, methylseq, ampliseq, taxprofiler, fetchngs) reproducibly, pinning the pipeline revision with -r and selecting a container engine and institutional config via -profile. Use when deciding to adopt a community pipeline versus author one from scratch; picking a pipeline and pinning its -r revision; selecting -profile test/docker/singularity/conda plus an institutional config from nf-core/configs; building and validating a samplesheet CSV against the pipeline schema (nf-schema); choosing --genome/iGenomes versus custom references; configuring resources and max_memory for SLURM/AWS Batch; using -resume and -stub; and reading MultiQC outputs.
- ▌ Omero Integration · fridrichmethodOpen-source bio-image data management. Use the omero-py client to connect to an OMERO server, retrieve images as numpy arrays, annotate with tags and key-value pairs, manage ROIs, and feed image data into Python analysis pipelines — programmatically, no GUI.
- ▌ Bio Proteomics Protein Inference · fridrichmethod bundleGroups proteins from peptide identifications and controls protein-level FDR, framing inference as a chosen explanation (parsimony or a probability model) of underdetermined peptide evidence rather than a measurement. Reports protein GROUPS (proteins indistinguishable by observed peptides) with a leading protein, not flat lists. Covers shared-vs-unique peptides, indistinguishable/subsumable proteins, parsimony vs probabilistic (ProteinProphet, EPIFANY) vs razor inference, picked-protein and picked-group FDR, and why the two-peptide rule is wrong. Use when resolving which proteins are present from a peptide list, building protein groups, or estimating protein-level FDR. PSM/peptide FDR and search engines are peptide-identification; razor-vs-unique quant consequences are quantification; isoform/proteoform resolution is top-down and out of scope.
- ▌ Pytorch Lightning · fridrichmethod bundleDeep learning framework (PyTorch Lightning / lightning package). Organize PyTorch code into LightningModules, configure Trainers for multi-GPU/TPU, implement data pipelines, callbacks, logging (W&B, TensorBoard, MLflow), distributed training (DDP, FSDP, DeepSpeed), for scalable neural network training.
- ▌ Bio Read Qc Quality Filtering · fridrichmethod bundleFilters reads by quality, length, N content, and complexity with Trimmomatic, fastp, and Cutadapt, including sliding-window trimming, per-read unqualified-base filtering, and 2-color poly-G removal. Use when reads have poor-quality tails, when an assembly or k-mer workflow needs clean input, or when a junk read subpopulation must be dropped. For adapter removal use adapter-trimming; for all-in-one preprocessing use fastp-workflow.
- ▌ Bio Pathway Reactome · fridrichmethod bundleTests a gene list or ranked gene vector for over-representation or coordinated shifts in Reactome's curated, peer-reviewed, reaction-level pathways using ReactomePA's enrichPathway (ORA) and gsePathway (GSEA), reading the local reactome.db so a run is reproducible given the Bioconductor release. Covers why Reactome's atomic unit is the REACTION and pathways are nested containers so a parent and child enrich on the same genes and double-count one signal, why only human is curated and every other species is orthology-inferred, why enrichPathway has NO keyType argument and returns nothing unless genes are ENTREZ (bitr first), and why viewPathway draws a LOCAL reaction network from a pathway NAME. Use when reaction-level granularity, peer-reviewed curation, or an offline-reproducible database is wanted; for comparative multi-sample or multi-omics analysis use ReactomeGSA. The DE list comes from differential-expression; plots from enrichment-visualization.
- ▌ Bio Genome Annotation Repeat Annotation · fridrichmethod bundleDiscovers, classifies, and masks repetitive elements and transposable elements with RepeatModeler2 (de novo family library), RepeatMasker (masking against a library), EDTA (plant/structural TEs), or EarlGrey (auto-curating wrapper), and quantifies TE expression from RNA-seq with TEtranscripts/SQuIRE. Covers de-novo-library-as-curation-project, soft-vs-hard masking, the domesticated-gene over-masking massacre, Dfam-vs-RepBase, TE classification (Class I/II, family-vs-copy), Kimura repeat landscapes, LAI, and the RNA-seq multimapping problem. Use when masking repeats before gene prediction, building a TE library for a non-model genome, or analyzing transposable-element content or expression.
- ▌ Bio Ribo Seq Ribosome Stalling · fridrichmethod bundleDetect ribosome pausing and stalling at codon resolution from Ribo-seq, using local-relative occupancy metrics and A-site assignment. Use when studying elongation dynamics, codon dwell times, pause motifs, or ribosome collisions, and when judging whether a pause is real biology or a cycloheximide artifact.
- ▌ Bio Scaffold Analysis · fridrichmethod bundleAnalyzes chemical libraries by scaffold using Bemis-Murcko scaffolds, generic frameworks, cyclic skeletons, matched molecular pair (MMP) analysis via mmpdb, R-group decomposition, Free-Wilson analysis, scaffold hopping, and chemotype-aware ML train/test splits. Use when identifying chemotype clusters in a library, deriving SAR transformation rules, decomposing series into R-groups, performing scaffold-balanced QSAR splits, or planning analog campaigns.
- ▌ Scientific Slides · fridrichmethod bundleScientific presentations for conferences, seminars, thesis defenses, and grant pitches. Slide design, talk structure, timing, data viz for slides, QA. PowerPoint and LaTeX Beamer. For posters use latex-research-posters.
- ▌ Bio Workflows Splicing Pipeline · fridrichmethod bundleOrchestrates the end-to-end bulk short-read alternative-splicing pipeline from FASTQ to differential splicing, chaining fastp QC, cohort-consistent STAR 2-pass alignment (one shared junction DB), junction QC, event-level differential splicing (rMATS-turbo + leafcutter, optional MAJIQ V3), parallel isoform-level DTU (Salmon -> tximport dtuScaledTPM -> DRIMSeq/DEXSeq -> stageR), and sashimi visualization. Use when committing the annotation GTF and a shared 2-pass junction database for the whole cohort, keeping the analysis at splice-aware resolution (never collapsing to gene), choosing event-level vs isoform-level DTU and reconciling them, applying the stageR two-stage gene->transcript FDR, or off-ramping to splice-variant / outlier / long-read / single-cell splicing. Hands mechanism to the alternative-splicing component skills; not a re-teach of any single step.
- ▌ Stable Baselines3 · fridrichmethod bundleProduction-ready reinforcement learning algorithms (PPO, SAC, DQN, TD3, DDPG, A2C) with scikit-learn-like API. Use for standard RL experiments, quick prototyping, and well-documented algorithm implementations. Best for single-agent RL with Gymnasium environments. For high-performance parallel training, multi-agent systems, or custom vectorized environments, use pufferlib instead.
- ▌ Statistical Power · fridrichmethod bundleSample-size and statistical power calculations for planning studies. Use whenever someone asks "how many subjects/samples/replicates do I need", wants an a priori power analysis, a minimum detectable effect (MDE), a power curve, or needs to justify a sample size for a grant, IRB protocol, or pre-registration. Covers closed-form power for t-tests, ANOVA, proportions, correlations, chi-square, and regression, plus simulation-based (Monte Carlo) power for designs with no formula — logistic/Poisson regression, mixed models, cluster-randomized trials, survival, and interactions. Use this skill even when the request only mentions an effect size, alpha, or "80% power" without saying "power analysis" explicitly. For laying out the study (randomization, blocking, factorial/DOE, crossover, sequential designs) use experimental-design; for analyzing data already collected and reporting it use statistical-analysis.
- ▌ Bio Rna Structure Structure Probing · fridrichmethod bundleProcesses experimental RNA structure probing data (SHAPE-MaP, DMS-MaPseq) into per-nucleotide reactivity profiles with ShapeMapper2, then uses them as soft restraints on thermodynamic folding. Covers reagent and readout choice (SHAPE vs DMS, mutational-profiling vs RT-stop), the three control samples, per-transcript normalization, the Deigan vs Zarringhalam pseudo-energy models, in-cell versus in-vitro interpretation, and multi-conformation deconvolution. Use when converting probing reads to reactivities; deciding SHAPE versus DMS parameters; judging whether low reactivity means base-paired or protein-bound; or detecting whether an RNA populates more than one structure.
- ▌ Bio Clinical Biostatistics Subgroup Analysis · fridrichmethod bundlePerforms subgroup and heterogeneous treatment effect (HTE) analyses for clinical trials. Covers Mantel-Haenszel pooling, Breslow-Day, interaction tests in regression, RERI for additive interaction, modern data-adaptive HTE methods (STEPP, SIDES, causal forests, X/R-learners), Bayesian shrinkage (Dixon-Simon, MAP, EXNEX), graphical multiplicity (Bretz-Maurer), and credibility frameworks (Sun BMJ, EMA 2019). Use when analyzing treatment effects across patient subgroups for regulatory submissions or precision-medicine claims.
- ▌ Bio Metabolomics Targeted Analysis · fridrichmethod bundleDesigns and validates quantitative targeted metabolomics assays (MRM/SRM on triple-quadrupole, PRM on high-resolution instruments) to report absolute concentrations. Covers the internal-standard strategy (external cal -> global IS -> standard addition -> stable-isotope-labeled IS), weighted calibration judged by back-calculated %RE not R-squared, ion-ratio quantifier/qualifier confirmation, matrix-effect/recovery characterization, and ICH M10 method validation. Use when quantifying a closed panel of known metabolites with units, building or validating an LC-MS/MS assay, choosing an IS or calibration weighting, or judging whether a reported concentration is trustworthy. For untargeted feature detection see metabolomics/xcms-preprocessing; for group statistics see metabolomics/statistical-analysis; for flux/MID/tracing see metabolomics/isotope-tracing.
- ▌ Using Superpowers · fridrichmethod bundleUse when starting any conversation - establishes how to find and use skills, requiring skill invocation before ANY response including clarifying questions
- ▌ Bio Tcr Bcr Analysis Vdjtools Analysis · fridrichmethod bundleComputes immune-repertoire diversity, clonal structure, overlap, and segment usage from TCR/BCR clonotype tables with VDJtools (immunarch as the modern R alternative). Use when deciding which diversity estimator answers a question (q=0 observed richness/chao1/chaoE, q=1 shannonWienerIndex, q=2 inverseSimpson as a Hill profile); normalizing sequencing depth before any cross-sample claim (DownSample or the resampled CalcDiversityStats table); choosing an overlap metric (depth-robust MorisitaHorn/F2 vs depth-biased Jaccard/public counts) and a clonotype match key (-i nt/aa, +/-V/J); summarizing clonality as 1 - normalizedShannonWienerIndex; reading spectratype and V-J usage under primer bias; interpreting public clonotypes; and choosing VDJtools (stable Java CLI) vs immunarch (active tidy R).
- ▌ Bio Virtual Screening · fridrichmethod bundlePerforms structure-based virtual screening using AutoDock Vina, SMINA, GNINA (CNN scoring), and DiffDock-L hybrid workflows with explicit choice rules across rigid vs flexible docking, cross-docking vs self-docking, binding-site detection (P2Rank, fpocket), receptor preparation (PDB2PQR, PROPKA), ligand preparation (meeko, OpenBabel), and ultralarge-library screening (ZINC22, Enamine REAL). Use when screening chemical libraries against a protein target to find candidate binders, ranking docking poses, or selecting a docking workflow for a specific scenario.
- ▌ Bio Alignment Trimming · fridrichmethod bundleTrim multiple sequence alignments using ClipKIT, trimAl, BMGE, Divvier, or HMMcleaner with mode selection guidance per downstream goal. Use when removing unreliable columns or contaminating residues before phylogenetic inference, HMM building, or selection analysis.
- ▌ Bio Crispr Screens Bagel Essentiality · fridrichmethod bundleIdentifies essential genes from CRISPR-Cas9 fitness screens using BAGEL2 (Kim & Hart 2021 Genome Med), a Bayesian classifier scoring per-gene Bayes Factors via log-likelihood ratios over per-sgRNA fold changes, calibrated against CEGv2 core-essentials (Hart 2017 G3, ~684 genes) and NEGv1 non-essentials (Hart 2014, ~927 genes). Covers the fc + bf + pr workflow, the linear-extrapolation improvement over BAGEL1 truncation, multi-target off-target correction, tumor-suppressor sensitivity (BAGEL2 detects enrichment), and BF calibration (BF >6 ≈ 90% posterior per Hart 2017; ~5% FDR by BAGEL convention). Use when classifying essential vs non-essential genes, calibrating BAGEL2 thresholds against PR curves, identifying tumor suppressors alongside essentials, comparing BAGEL2 hits to MAGeCK / drugZ, or generating publication-quality essentiality calls.
- ▌ Bio Phylo Bayesian Inference · fridrichmethod bundleFrames Bayesian phylogenetics as approximating a posterior distribution over trees conditioned on data AND priors via an MCMC that must be proven to have converged, using MrBayes, BEAST2, RevBayes, and PhyloBayes-MPI. Covers why convergence (ESS, PSRF, ASDSF, topology vs scalar) is the load-bearing claim, why posterior probabilities are systematically higher than bootstrap and overconfident under model misspecification, why the default branch-length prior inflates tree length, why the harmonic-mean estimator must never select models (use stepping-stone), and when site-heterogeneous CAT-GTR is required at depth. Use when needing posterior clade support, model averaging, marginal-likelihood model comparison, or CAT models for deep phylogeny. Routes topology-only ML to modern-tree-inference, divergence times to divergence-dating, and tree summarization to tree-io.
- ▌ Bio Flow Cytometry Bead Normalization · fridrichmethod bundleBead-based signal normalization and cross-batch harmonization for CyTOF and high-parameter cytometry - EQ four-element bead normalization of instrument sensitivity drift (CATALYST normCytof, premessa), and reference-anchor cross-batch normalization (CytoNorm, per-cluster quantile splines). Covers the distinction between within-run drift correction and between-batch correction, the mandatory anchor/reference sample, why normalization is per-cluster with many quantiles, and the over-correction risk. Use when correcting CyTOF signal drift, harmonizing multi-batch or multi-site studies, or deciding whether to normalize data versus model batch in the design.
- ▌ Bio Single Cell Cell Communication · fridrichmethod bundleInfers ligand-receptor cell-cell communication from scRNA-seq with a consensus-first workflow (LIANA), plus CellPhoneDB specificity tests, CellChat pathway probabilities, and NicheNet downstream ligand-activity. Use when ranking ligand-receptor interactions between cell types, comparing communication across conditions, asking which ligand drives a receiver response, or deciding which CCC method and resource to trust.
- ▌ Bio Chipseq Chip Deep Learning · fridrichmethod bundleTrains and applies base-resolution deep learning models on ChIP-seq / ChIP-nexus / CUT&RUN data. Uses BPNet (Avsec 2021 Nat Genet 53:354; soft motif syntax from ChIP-nexus), chromBPNet (Pampari A et al 2024 bioRxiv; bias-factorized base-resolution profiles), EnFormer (Avsec 2021 Nat Methods 18:1196; 196 kb input, ~100 kb effective receptive field), DeepSEA (Zhou 2015; multi-task CNN), and JASPAR 2026 deep-learning collection (1259 BPNet ChIP models). Performs in silico mutagenesis for variant-effect prediction, DeepLIFT/Grad attribution, and TF-MoDISco motif discovery from attribution scores. Use when predicting variant effects on TF binding, discovering soft motif syntax / cooperativity, integrating ChIP-seq with sequence-only predictions, or applying precomputed JASPAR Deep Learning models to new variants.
- ▌ Bio Clip Seq Clip Deep Learning · fridrichmethod bundlePredict RBP binding from RNA sequence using deep learning models (RBPNet sequence-to-signal, RNAProt RNN, GraphProt2 GCN with structure, DeepCLIP, DeepRiPe multi-modal CNN) for variant-effect prediction, in silico binding-site discovery, model interpretation, and transfer learning from CLIP and RBNS datasets. Use when computational prediction of RBP binding from sequence is needed, evaluating variant effects on binding without further wet-lab experiments, comparing model performance, or training a custom model on ENCODE eCLIP data.
- ▌ Cnvkit Copy Number · fridrichmethodDetect somatic CNVs from WES/WGS/targeted BAMs (CNVkit v0.9.x). Bin coverage in target/antitarget regions, normalize vs reference, segment with CBS/HMM, call amps/dels, scatter/diagram plots, purity/ploidy, VCF/SEG export. CLI plus Python API (cnvlib). Use GATK CNV for deep WGS with population controls; use CNVkit for targeted/exome where antitarget bins matter.
- ▌ Bio Crispr Screens Crispresso Editing · fridrichmethod bundleQuantifies CRISPR editing outcomes with CRISPResso2 (Clement 2019 Nat Biotechnol) across Cas9-nuclease (indels, HDR), CBE and ABE base editors (target conversion + bystander), and prime editor (pegRNA-templated) modes. Covers single-amplicon (CRISPResso), multi-sample batch (CRISPRessoBatch), pooled-amplicon (CRISPRessoPooled), WGS off-target (CRISPRessoWGS), and sample-comparison (CRISPRessoCompare) workflows; quantification-window math that controls what is called edited; substitution-vs-indel diagnostic to distinguish BE from Cas9 contamination; MMEJ deletion pattern interpretation; allele-frequency tables; and failure modes from amplicon misalignment or contamination. Use when quantifying editing from amplicon sequencing, choosing CRISPResso mode by design, distinguishing intended edits from bystanders and indel byproducts, debugging low-alignment runs, or generating publication-grade editing reports.
- ▌ Bio Multi Omics Data Harmonization · fridrichmethod bundleHarmonizes already-normalized per-omic matrices onto a common footing before joint integration - assembling a MultiAssayExperiment, choosing the per-omic variance-stabilizing transform, deciding per-view versus per-feature scaling, picking a cross-omic batch strategy, and triaging missing data (feature, value, or whole sample; MAR versus MNAR). Covers why a shared-latent integrator is blind to what an omic is so scaling silently decides which block dominates, why batch confounded with biology is irrecoverable and should be modeled as a covariate not scrubbed, and why stacking blocks and running one ComBat erases cross-omic signal. Use when preparing two or more omics for MOFA2, mixOmics, or SNF, deciding a transform or scaling, correcting batch across modalities, or handling missing omics per sample. For deep per-omic normalization see differential-expression, methylation-analysis, proteomics, metabolomics; for the method decision see integration-design; for fusion see mofa-integration, mixomics-analysis.
- ▌ Bio Imaging Mass Cytometry Data Preprocessing · fridrichmethod bundleLoad and preprocess imaging mass cytometry (IMC) and MIBI data from raw MCD/TXT through hot-pixel removal, spillover compensation, and variance-stabilizing transformation, covering readimc/steinbock ingestion, NNLS spillover compensation (CATALYST), IMC-Denoise, and the IMC arcsinh-cofactor question. Use when starting analysis from raw MCD files, building per-channel TIFF stacks, compensating channel spillover, choosing an arcsinh cofactor, or preparing single-cell intensities for phenotyping.
- ▌ Bio Atac Seq Deep Learning Atac · fridrichmethod bundleSequence-based deep learning for ATAC-seq using chromBPNet, BPNet, scBasset, or Enformer. Use when correcting Tn5 bias with neural networks beyond k-mer models, predicting per-base accessibility profiles, scoring in silico variant effects at GWAS or rare-variant SNPs, discovering motifs via DeepLIFT/TF-MoDISco from a trained model, or generating cell-type-specific accessibility predictions for unobserved cell states.
- ▌ Bio Microbiome Diversity Analysis · fridrichmethod bundleAlpha and beta diversity of an amplicon (16S/ITS) ASV/OTU community table - observed features, Shannon, Pielou evenness, Faith PD, Bray-Curtis, Jaccard, weighted/unweighted/generalized UniFrac, Aitchison/RPCA - via QIIME2 core-metrics-phylogenetic, phyloseq/vegan, and scikit-bio. Covers the three knobs that set the answer before it is seen (rarefaction sampling depth, the tree, the metric), why core-metrics silently deletes samples below the sampling depth, why de novo trees lose to SEPP fragment-insertion and Greengenes2, why unweighted and weighted UniFrac can flip the story, why observed features is an ASV count not a species count, the QIIME2-log2 vs R-ln Shannon mismatch, and pairing PERMANOVA (adonis2) with betadisper. Use when summarizing whole-community richness/evenness or testing group differences in community structure. Per-taxon testing -> differential-abundance. Shotgun tables -> metagenomics/metagenome-visualization. Shared CoDA/rarefaction theory -> metagenomics/abundance-estimation.
- ▌ Bio Crispr Screens Drugz Chemogenomic · fridrichmethod bundleAnalyzes CRISPR drug-modifier (chemogenomic) screens with drugZ (Colic et al. 2019 Genome Med), a bidirectional Z-score method that identifies synthetic-lethal sensitizing genes and resistance-conferring suppressor genes from vehicle vs drug comparisons. Covers vehicle-anchored design (not Day-0), the bidirectional Z math giving greater sensitivity to small-effect hits than MAGeCK / STARS / edgeR / RIGER on drug screens, per-gene sumZ and normZ, synth (sensitizer) vs supp (suppressor) FDR, multi-dose handling, integration with control sgRNAs, and comparison with MAGeCK MLE with dose covariate. Use when running a drug-modifier CRISPR screen, identifying sensitizing or resistance genes for a drug candidate, choosing drugZ vs MAGeCK MLE for chemogenomic analysis, troubleshooting low-effect drug screens where MAGeCK lacks sensitivity, or designing a drug-screen layout (vehicle vs drug arms).
- ▌ Bio Ecological Genomics Edna Metabarcoding · fridrichmethod bundleProcesses eDNA metabarcoding from raw paired-end reads to species tables, navigating ASV (DADA2, UNOISE3) vs OTU (swarm v2) decision (Callahan 2017 vs Schloss multi-copy-16S critique), marker/primer choice (Leray COI, MiFish 12S, 515F/806R 16S, ITS2) with primer-specific bias, OBITools3 v3 command-name break (obi stats plural; .tar.gz taxonomy), tag-jumping with dual-indexing (Schnell 2015; NovaSeq 10x MiSeq), decontam as screening-not-classifier (Davis 2018), read-counts-not-abundance critique (Lamb 2019), site-occupancy modeling (Ficetola 2015), Naive-Bayes calibration limits (Bokulich 2018), and eDNA decay (Strickler 2015). Use when going from raw eDNA FASTQ to species tables, picking marker + denoising pipeline, deciding whether read counts represent abundance, applying occupancy modeling, configuring OBITools3 v3, or interpreting decontam output. Not for clinical 16S microbiome (see microbiome/amplicon-processing).
- ▌ Bio Immunoinformatics Epitope Prediction · fridrichmethod bundlePredict B-cell and T-cell epitopes for vaccine antigen design and epitope mapping with BepiPred-3.0, DiscoTope-3.0, the IEDB tools, and EL-mode MHC presentation. Encodes the load-bearing asymmetry that T-cell epitope prediction is mature (it reduces to MHC presentation, AUC>0.9) while B-cell prediction is unreliable (linear predictors ~AUC 0.6 because ~90% of real epitopes are conformational) — so structure-based DiscoTope-3.0 on AlphaFold models is the only defensible B-cell path, propensity scales are obsolete, and NetChop is largely redundant on EL-trained models. Use when mapping epitopes or selecting vaccine antigens. MHC binding lives in mhc-binding-prediction.
- ▌ Bio Structural Biology Geometric Analysis · fridrichmethod bundleMeasures geometric properties of protein structures with Biopython Bio.PDB - interatomic distances, distance matrices, bond and dihedral angles (phi/psi/chi, Ramachandran), superposition and RMSD, center of mass, radius of gyration, and solvent accessible surface area (SASA). Use when deciding that RMSD depends on BOTH the superposition and the atom selection (a global all-atom RMSD is dominated by flexible loops and hinge motion and is NOT a cross-protein similarity metric); choosing the metric that matches the question (RMSD for same-molecule displacement, TM-score for same-fold, lDDT for superposition-free local model quality - the quantity pLDDT predicts); recognizing Superimposer needs an equal-length ordered atom-to-atom correspondence; and reporting SASA only alongside its probe radius (1.4A water, Shrake-Rupley) with a preference for relative SASA. Keywords RMSD, TM-score, lDDT, SASA, Shrake-Rupley, superposition, Kabsch, dihedral, Ramachandran, radius of gyration.
- ▌ Bio Clinical Databases Gnomad Frequencies · fridrichmethod bundleQueries gnomAD v4 (807k samples), v3, v2.1.1, and constraint metrics with grpmax FAF95, bottleneck-group exclusion, LOEUF interpretation, SV/CNV/mtDNA catalogs, and Whiffin max-credible-AF framework. Use when filtering rare variants, applying ACMG BS1/BA1, ranking genes by LoF intolerance, or selecting between v2 (GRCh37 + chrX/Y constraint) and v4 (GRCh38 + 807k samples).