FridrichMethod Version Compatibility
Reference examples tested with: TwoSampleMR 0.5+, MR-PRESSO 1.0+, coloc 5.2+, susieR 0.12+, MendelianRandomization 0.9+, ldsc 1.0.1 (python3 fork), MetaXcan 0.7+, pyfocus 0.6+, MAGMA 1.10+, MRlap 0.0.3+, cause 1.2+, lhcMR 0.0.0.9000+, HDL 1.4+, LAVA 0.1+, GenomicSEM 0.0.5+.
Before using code patterns, verify installed versions match. If versions differ:
- R:
packageVersion('<pkg>')then?function_nameto verify parameters - Python:
pip show <pkg>thenhelp(module.function)to check signatures - CLI:
<tool> --versionthen<tool> --helpto confirm flags
If code throws ImportError, AttributeError, or TypeError, introspect the installed package and adapt the example to match the actual API rather than retrying.
Causal Genomics Pipeline
"Run post-GWAS causal inference from summary statistics" -> Orchestrate heritability partitioning and tissue prioritization, genetic-correlation diagnostics, instrument selection, Mendelian randomization with CHP-aware sensitivity, colocalization, fine-mapping (SuSiE / FOCUS), mediation, TWAS triangulation, cis-pQTL drug-target MR, effector-gene prioritization, and (optionally) GenomicSEM common-factor GWAS to triangulate causal evidence and nominate publication-grade causal exposures, genes, and mechanisms.
This is a workflow skill: it owns the chaining decisions and hand-offs, not the internals of any one step. Every step below cross-references the component skill that teaches its mechanism.
The governing principle
A causal claim is decided at the seams where summary statistics meet, not inside any single method.
- Everything shares ONE genome build, and effect alleles are harmonized once. The exposure and outcome sumstats, the LD reference, and any eQTL/pQTL panel must share a build; if they differ, liftover ONCE, strand-aware (the BBIS inverted-region danger), BEFORE harmonization.
harmonise_dataaligns effect alleles; a flipped palindrome (MAF near 0.5) flips the causal-effect SIGN silently — drop intermediate-frequency palindromes. - The LD reference ancestry must match the GWAS ancestry, committed once and inherited by clumping, coloc.susie, fine-mapping (SuSiE-rss), and TWAS. A mismatched LD panel corrupts credible sets and colocalization silently; the in-pipeline alarms are
estimate_s_rsslambda <0.05 and credible-set puritymin_abs_corr>=0.5. - Order is causal: a diagnostic at step 0 decides whether a later step runs. Cross-trait LDSC
abs(rg)>0.3makes correlated horizontal pleiotropy (CHP) suspected, so CAUSE/LHC-MR becomes MANDATORY — MR-PRESSO is BLIND to CHP. Tissue picked at step 0 (stratified LDSC) flows into TWAS; picking it post-hoc is circular. Steiger pre-filter directionality and LD-clump BEFORE coloc/fine-mapping. - Triangulate; refuse the single number. No single MR estimator, coloc PP.H4, or evidence stream is decisive — report IVW+Egger+median+mode concordance, coloc PP.H4 with a p12 sweep, and effector-gene evidence across >=3 of 6 streams. A bare headline statistic hides the seam.
Pipeline Overview
GWAS Summary Statistics (exposure + outcome)
|
v
[0. Pre-flight: h2 + tissue prioritization + rg diagnostic]
LDSC / S-LDSC baseline-LD / Finucane 2018 cell-type
Cross-trait LDSC / HDL / LAVA --> if abs(rg) > 0.3 then CHP-aware MR required
|
v
[1. Instrument Selection] -----> LD clumping, F-stat filtering, Steiger pre-filter
|
v
[2. Mendelian Randomization] --> IVW, MR-Egger, Weighted Median/Mode, MR-RAPS
|
+--> [3. Sensitivity] -------> MR-PRESSO, Egger intercept (Isq), leave-one-out, Steiger
|
+--> [3b. CHP-aware MR] -----> CAUSE (delta_elpd), LHC-MR posterior (if rg > 0.3)
|
v
[4. Colocalization] -----------> coloc.abf / coloc.susie / HyPrColoc / SMR-HEIDI
|
v
[5. Fine-Mapping] -------------> SuSiE rss + estimate_s_rss / FINEMAP-inf / PolyFun
|
v
[6. Mediation Analysis] -------> Network MR / MVMR / CMAverse 4-way
|
+--> [7. TWAS triangulation] -> FUSION / S-PrediXcan / FOCUS PIP >= 0.8
|
+--> [8. Cis-pQTL drug-target MR] -> UKB-PPP / deCODE + cross-platform replication
|
v
[9. Effector-gene prioritization] -> Open Targets L2G + PoPS + cS2G + coloc + TWAS (>= 3 of 6 evidence)
|
v
[10. (optional) GenomicSEM common-factor GWAS] -> factor model + Q_SNP
|
v
Triangulated causal-evidence summary across methods
Step 0: Pre-flight - Heritability, Tissue Prioritization, Genetic Correlation
ldsc.py --h2 trait.sumstats.gz --ref-ld-chr eur_w_ld_chr/ --w-ld-chr eur_w_ld_chr/ --out trait.h2
ldsc.py --h2-cts trait.sumstats.gz --ref-ld-chr baselineLD. --ref-ld-chr-cts Multi_tissue_gene_expr.ldcts --w-ld-chr weights. --out trait.cts
ldsc.py --rg trait1.sumstats.gz,trait2.sumstats.gz --ref-ld-chr eur_w_ld_chr/ --w-ld-chr eur_w_ld_chr/ --out rg
Goal: Confirm heritable signal, pick the right tissue for TWAS / V2G, and detect shared heritable confounding that mandates CHP-aware MR (CAUSE / LHC-MR).
Reconciliation: S-LDSC mean chi-squared > 1.02 with h2 SE < 0.02 and intercept ratio < 0.3 is required. Cell-type prioritization with coefficient_p < 0.05 / N_tissues nominates the tissue for downstream TWAS weights and ABC enhancer-gene priors. If cross-trait LDSC abs(rg) > 0.3 (and HDL sample-overlap < 5%), Step 3b becomes mandatory. See causal-genomics/heritability-partitioning and causal-genomics/genetic-correlation.
Step 1: Instrument Selection
library(TwoSampleMR)
exposure_dat <- read_exposure_data(filename = 'exposure_gwas.tsv', sep = '\t',
snp_col = 'SNP', beta_col = 'BETA', se_col = 'SE',
effect_allele_col = 'A1', other_allele_col = 'A2',
eaf_col = 'EAF', pval_col = 'P')
exposure_dat <- subset(exposure_dat, pval.exposure < 5e-8)
exposure_dat <- clump_data(exposure_dat, clump_r2 = 0.001, clump_kb = 10000)
exposure_dat$F_stat <- (exposure_dat$beta.exposure / exposure_dat$se.exposure)^2
exposure_dat <- subset(exposure_dat, F_stat >= 10)
exposure_dat <- subset(exposure_dat, !(eaf.exposure > 0.42 & eaf.exposure < 0.58 & substr(effect_allele.exposure,1,1) %in% c('A','T') & substr(other_allele.exposure,1,1) %in% c('A','T')))
For cis-MR (drug target) use clump_r2 = 0.1 within +/- 500 kb of the gene. Use 5e-9 if M > 5M variants tested.
Step 2: Mendelian Randomization
outcome_dat <- read_outcome_data(filename = 'outcome_gwas.tsv', sep = '\t',
snp_col = 'SNP', beta_col = 'BETA', se_col = 'SE',
effect_allele_col = 'A1', other_allele_col = 'A2',
eaf_col = 'EAF', pval_col = 'P')
dat <- harmonise_data(exposure_dat, outcome_dat)
mr_results <- mr(dat, method_list = c('mr_ivw', 'mr_egger_regression',
'mr_weighted_median', 'mr_weighted_mode'))
Concordance across IVW, Egger, weighted median, and weighted mode is the headline causal claim. See causal-genomics/mendelian-randomization.
Step 3: Sensitivity Analysis
library(MRPRESSO)
presso <- mr_presso(BetaOutcome = 'beta.outcome', BetaExposure = 'beta.exposure',
SdOutcome = 'se.outcome', SdExposure = 'se.exposure',
OUTLIERtest = TRUE, DISTORTIONtest = TRUE, data = dat,
NbDistribution = 5000, SignifThreshold = 0.05)
egger_int <- mr_pleiotropy_test(dat)
isq <- Isq(abs(dat$beta.exposure), dat$se.exposure) # I^2_GX needs same-sign effects; pass abs(beta)
het <- mr_heterogeneity(dat)
loo <- mr_leaveoneout(dat)
steiger <- directionality_test(dat)
Isq >= 0.9 is required for the MR-Egger NOME assumption; below that, run SIMEX correction or drop Egger. See causal-genomics/pleiotropy-detection.
Step 3b: CHP-aware MR (when rg > 0.3 or shared confounder suspected)
library(cause)
library(lhcMR)
cause_fit <- cause(X = cause_dat, variants = top_vars, param_ests = params)
elpd <- summary(cause_fit)$elpd
# lhcMR is a 3-call chain: merge_sumstats (takes LD/rho paths) -> calculate_SP -> lhc_mr
lhc_df <- merge_sumstats(input.files, trait.names, LD.filepath = ld_path, rho.filepath = rho_path)
SP_list <- calculate_SP(lhc_df, trait.names, nStep = 2, SP_single = 3, SP_pair = 50)
lhc_fit <- lhc_mr(SP_list, trait.names, paral_method = 'lapply', nBlock = 200)
CAUSE reports delta_elpd of sharing-vs-causal model; z > 1.96 favors true causation over CHP. LHC-MR jointly estimates causal effect and confounder effect via likelihood; the 95% credible interval excluding zero is the causal-effect verdict. Required when LDSC abs(rg) > 0.3. See causal-genomics/pleiotropy-detection.
Step 4: Colocalization
library(coloc)
d1 <- list(beta = exposure_locus$BETA, varbeta = exposure_locus$SE^2,
snp = exposure_locus$SNP, position = exposure_locus$BP,
type = 'quant', N = exposure_n, MAF = exposure_locus$EAF)
d2 <- list(beta = outcome_locus$BETA, varbeta = outcome_locus$SE^2,
snp = outcome_locus$SNP, position = outcome_locus$BP,
type = 'cc', N = outcome_n, s = case_fraction, MAF = outcome_locus$EAF)
result <- coloc.abf(d1, d2, p1 = 1e-4, p2 = 1e-4, p12 = 1e-5)
sens <- coloc::sensitivity(result, rule = 'H4 > 0.7')
PP.H4 >= 0.7 for triangulation, >= 0.8 for publication, >= 0.95 for industry-grade target packages. Always sweep p12 over 1e-6 to 5e-5; conclusions must be stable across the sweep. For allelic heterogeneity use coloc.susie. See causal-genomics/colocalization-analysis.
Step 5: Fine-Mapping with SuSiE
library(susieR)
R <- as.matrix(read.csv('ld_matrix.csv', row.names = 1))
diag_s <- estimate_s_rss(z = locus_stats$BETA / locus_stats$SE, R = R, n = sample_size)
fitted <- susie_rss(bhat = locus_stats$BETA, shat = locus_stats$SE,
R = R, n = sample_size, L = 10, coverage = 0.95, min_abs_corr = 0.5)
cs <- fitted$sets$cs
If estimate_s_rss lambda > 0.05 the external LD is mismatched; rerun with in-sample LD or use SuSiE-inf / FINEMAP-inf. min_abs_corr >= 0.5 (r-squared >= 0.25) is the purity threshold for retaining a credible set. For HLA use L = 20-30. See causal-genomics/fine-mapping.
Step 6: Mediation Analysis
library(TwoSampleMR)
mv_exposures <- mv_extract_exposures(c('ieu-a-2', 'ieu-a-1089'))
mv_outcome <- extract_outcome_data(mv_exposures$SNP, 'ieu-a-7')
mvdat <- mv_harmonise_data(mv_exposures, mv_outcome)
mvmr_result <- mv_multiple(mvdat)
Indirect effect = total - direct. For molecular mediators (expression, methylation, protein), prefer two-step MR with cis-instruments at the mediator. Run Imai sensitivity (rho_crit) or mediational E-value > 2. See causal-genomics/mediation-analysis.
Step 7: TWAS Triangulation
python MetaXcan/SPrediXcan.py --model_db_path mashr_Whole_Blood.db \
--covariance mashr_Whole_Blood.txt.gz --gwas_file gwas.txt.gz \
--snp_column SNP --effect_allele_column A1 --non_effect_allele_column A2 \
--beta_column BETA --se_column SE --pvalue_column P \
--output_file twas.csv
focus finemap gwas.sumstats.gz 1000G.EUR.QC.1 mashr.db --chr 1 --p-threshold 5e-8 --out twas.focus
Goal: Nominate gene-level causal hits and prune LD-induced TWAS false positives.
Tissue is picked from Step 0 stratified LDSC; Bonferroni at 0.05 / N_tissues. FOCUS PIP >= 0.8 retains a single candidate causal gene per region; without FOCUS, co-regulated TWAS hits cannot be distinguished. Cross-reference TWAS hits with coloc.susie PP.H4 and cis-eQTL MR for triangulation. See causal-genomics/transcriptome-wide-association.
Step 8: Cis-pQTL Drug-Target MR
library(TwoSampleMR)
pqtl_dat <- extract_instruments(outcomes = 'prot-a-XXX', p1 = 5e-8, clump = TRUE,
r2 = 0.1, kb = 1000)
pqtl_dat <- subset(pqtl_dat, chr.exposure == target_chr & pos.exposure > target_tss - 500000 & pos.exposure < target_tss + 500000) # extract_instruments returns chr.exposure/pos.exposure
out_dat <- extract_outcome_data(snps = pqtl_dat$SNP, outcomes = c('ieu-a-7', 'ieu-b-31'))
dat <- harmonise_data(pqtl_dat, out_dat)
mr_results <- mr(dat, method_list = c('mr_ivw', 'mr_wald_ratio'))
Goal: Mimic pharmacological inhibition of a drug target via cis-pQTL and triangulate with coloc.
Cross-platform replication on Olink (UKB-PPP) and SomaScan (deCODE) is mandatory; the two platforms are concordant for ~60% of proteins and discordant calls are platform artifacts. Run pheWAS for on-target adverse effects, PAV-excluded sensitivity, and coloc.susie PP.H4 >= 0.8 at the cis-pQTL locus. See causal-genomics/proteome-mr-drug-target.
Step 9: Effector-Gene Prioritization
magma --bfile g1000_eur --pval gwas.tsv N=N --gene-annot genes.annot --out trait
python munge_feature_directory.py --gene_annot_path genes.txt --feature_dir features/ --save_prefix pops
python pops.py --gene_annot_path genes.txt --feature_mat_prefix pops --num_feature_chunks 2 --magma_prefix trait --out_prefix trait.pops
Goal: Map each fine-mapped credible set to a candidate effector gene by integrating six evidence streams.
Integrate: (1) Open Targets L2G (Mountjoy 2021), (2) PoPS similarity score (Weeks 2023), (3) cS2G combined SNP-to-gene (Gazal 2022), (4) coloc.susie PP.H4 with eQTL/pQTL, (5) FOCUS TWAS PIP, (6) ABC / ENCODE-rE2G enhancer-gene linking. Require >= 3 of 6 concordant evidence streams for high-confidence claim. L2G and PoPS disagree by design (different feature regimes); report both. See causal-genomics/effector-gene-prioritization.
Step 10 (optional): GenomicSEM Common-Factor GWAS
library(GenomicSEM)
ldsc_output <- ldsc(traits = c('t1.sumstats.gz','t2.sumstats.gz','t3.sumstats.gz'),
sample.prev = c(NA, NA, NA), population.prev = c(NA, NA, NA),
ld = ld_path, wld = ld_path, trait.names = c('t1','t2','t3'))
model <- 'F1 =~ NA*t1 + t2 + t3\nF1 ~~ 1*F1'
fit <- usermodel(ldsc_output, model = model, estimation = 'DWLS')
factor_gwas <- userGWAS(covstruc = ldsc_output, SNPs = sumstats_combined,
model = paste0(model, '\nF1 ~ SNP\nt1 + t2 + t3 ~ 0*SNP'),
estimation = 'DWLS', sub = c('F1~SNP'))
Heywood cases (negative residual variance) require fixing residuals positive or dropping the indicator. Verify CFI > 0.95 and RMSEA < 0.06. Q_SNP p > 0.05 confirms factor-level (not trait-specific) signal. See causal-genomics/genomic-sem.
Parameter Recommendations
| Step | Parameter | Recommendation |
|---|---|---|
| Instruments | p-value | 5e-8 standard; 5e-9 if M > 5M variants tested |
| Instruments | F-statistic | >= 10 two-sample; >= 20 one-sample |
| Instruments | clump_r2 | 0.001 polygenic; 0.1 cis-MR |
| Instruments | clump_kb | 10000 (10 Mb) |
| Coloc | p12 prior | 1e-5 standard; 5e-6 conservative; 1e-6 trans-eQTL |
| Coloc | PP.H4 | >= 0.7 triangulation; >= 0.8 publication; >= 0.95 industry |
| SuSiE | L | 10 default; 20-30 HLA |
| SuSiE | coverage | 0.95 standard; 0.9 if N < 1000 |
| SuSiE | min_abs_corr | 0.5 default (r-squared >= 0.25) |
| MR-PRESSO | NbDistribution | 1000 exploratory; >= 5000 publication; >= 10000 stringent |
| TWAS | FOCUS PIP | >= 0.8 candidate causal gene |
| TWAS | tissue Bonferroni | 0.05 / N_tissues (~2.5e-4 for 200 tissues) |
| LDSC | mean chi-squared | > 1.02 for h2 interpretability |
| LDSC | rg trigger for CHP-MR | abs(rg) > 0.3 |
| LDSC | HDL sample overlap | < 5% |
Common Errors
| Issue | Likely Cause | Solution |
|---|---|---|
| Nonsense / sign-flipped MR or coloc | Build/liftover mismatch across exposure/outcome/LD/eQTL | One build; liftover once strand-aware (BBIS danger), THEN harmonize |
| Causal-effect sign flipped | Strand-flip/allele-swap at a MAF~0.5 palindrome in harmonise | Drop intermediate-frequency palindromes; verify effect-allele alignment |
| Corrupted credible sets / wrong coloc | LD-panel ancestry mismatch (clumping/coloc/fine-map/TWAS) | Ancestry-matched LD; check estimate_s_rss lambda; prefer in-sample LD |
| "Causal" effect passes sensitivity but is confounded | MR-PRESSO blind to CHP; rg>0.3 not checked | Run the rg gate at step 0; CAUSE/LHC-MR when triggered |
| Two-sample MR biased toward observational | Sample overlap between exposure and outcome GWAS | Check overlap (<5% via HDL); MRlap/HDL correction |
| No instruments | Underpowered GWAS | Relax p-value to 5e-6 with caution |
| Weak instruments (F < 10) | Small effect SNPs | Drop weak instruments; use better-powered GWAS |
| Inconsistent MR methods | Pleiotropy | Check MR-PRESSO outliers; use weighted median |
| Egger intercept p < 0.05 | Directional pleiotropy | Report Egger estimate; check Isq >= 0.9 |
| PP.H3 > PP.H4 | Different causal variants | Use coloc.susie for allelic heterogeneity |
| No credible sets | LD matrix issues | Check estimate_s_rss lambda; use in-sample LD |
| Steiger reverse direction | Reverse causation | Run bidirectional MR; pre-filter on Steiger |
| MR-PRESSO blind to apparent confounder | Correlated horizontal pleiotropy | Run CAUSE or LHC-MR (see pleiotropy-detection) |
| TWAS hit at gene-dense locus | LD-induced false positive | Run FOCUS fine-mapping; require PIP >= 0.8 |
| Cis-pQTL MR positive, replication fails | Olink/SomaScan platform discordance | Cross-platform replication; PAV-excluded sensitivity |
| L2G + PoPS disagree | Different feature regimes | Report both; require concordance for high-confidence claim |
| Q_SNP heterogeneity in common-factor GWAS | Factor mis-specification | userGWAS with per-trait paths; report Q_pval |
Related Skills
- causal-genomics/mendelian-randomization - IVW, Egger, MR-RAPS, MVMR
- causal-genomics/colocalization-analysis - coloc.abf, coloc.susie, HyPrColoc, SMR-HEIDI
- causal-genomics/fine-mapping - SuSiE rss, FINEMAP-inf, PolyFun, SuSiEx
- causal-genomics/pleiotropy-detection - MR-PRESSO, CAUSE, LHC-MR, contamination-mixture
- causal-genomics/mediation-analysis - Two-step MR, MVMR, CMAverse 4-way, HIMA
- causal-genomics/transcriptome-wide-association - FUSION, S-PrediXcan, FOCUS, UTMOST
- causal-genomics/heritability-partitioning - LDSC, S-LDSC, LDAK, HDL, HESS
- causal-genomics/proteome-mr-drug-target - UKB-PPP, deCODE, cis-pQTL MR, pheWAS
- causal-genomics/effector-gene-prioritization - L2G, PoPS, cS2G, MAGMA, FLAMES
- causal-genomics/genetic-correlation - Cross-trait LDSC, HDL, LAVA, Popcorn
- causal-genomics/genomic-sem - Common-factor GWAS, Q_SNP, MTAG reconciliation
- population-genetics/association-testing - Upstream GWAS methods
- atac-seq/enhancer-gene-linking - ABC / ENCODE-rE2G priors for effector-gene step
- single-cell/preprocessing - scRNA / scATAC tissue priors for stratified LDSC
- workflows/gwas-pipeline - Upstream: produces the sumstats (CHR/POS/EA/OA/EAF/BETA/SE/P/N, build documented) this pipeline consumes
References
- Hemani G, Zheng J, Elsworth B, et al (2018) The MR-Base platform supports systematic causal inference across the human phenome. eLife 7:e34408. DOI 10.7554/eLife.34408. (TwoSampleMR / harmonisation.)
- Giambartolomei C, Vukcevic D, Schadt EE, et al (2014) Bayesian test for colocalisation between pairs of genetic association studies using summary statistics. PLoS Genetics 10:e1004383. DOI 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004383. (coloc.)
- Wang G, Sarkar A, Carbonetto P, Stephens M (2020) A simple new approach to variable selection in regression, with application to genetic fine mapping. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B 82:1273-1300. DOI 10.1111/rssb.12388. (SuSiE.)
- Bulik-Sullivan BK, Loh PR, Finucane HK, et al (2015) LD Score regression distinguishes confounding from polygenicity in genome-wide association studies. Nature Genetics 47:291-295. DOI 10.1038/ng.3211. (LDSC intercept.)