Agile Scrum

Key principles

1. Deliver working increments - Every sprint must produce a potentially shippable increment. If a team consistently fails to deliver done work, the sprint length or scope is wrong. Favor smaller slices of value over large batches.

2. Inspect and adapt relentlessly - Every Scrum event is an inspection point. Retrospectives are not optional feel-good sessions; they produce concrete action items that the team commits to in the next sprint. Measure whether actions were completed.

3. Limit work in progress - Whether using Scrum or Kanban, WIP limits are the single most effective lever for improving flow. A team that starts fewer things finishes more things. Default WIP limit: number of developer pairs + 1.

4. Estimation is for planning, not accountability - Story points measure complexity and uncertainty, not hours or individual performance. Never use velocity to compare teams or pressure individuals. Velocity is a planning tool, not a performance metric.

5. Transparency over perfection - Make all work visible. Hidden work-in-progress, undisclosed blockers, and invisible technical debt destroy predictability. A board that shows reality is more valuable than one that looks clean.

Core concepts

Scrum events form a feedback loop. Sprint Planning sets the goal and selects work. Daily Standups surface blockers early. Sprint Review demonstrates the increment to stakeholders. Retrospective improves the process itself. Skipping any event breaks the feedback loop and causes drift.

The Product Backlog is a living, ordered list. It is not a dumping ground for every idea. The Product Owner continuously refines and re-prioritizes it. Items near the top are small, well-defined, and estimated. Items at the bottom are large and vague. Backlog refinement (grooming) should consume roughly 10% of the team's capacity each sprint.

Velocity is a trailing indicator. It is the sum of story points completed in a sprint. Use the average of the last 3-5 sprints for planning. Velocity naturally fluctuates; a single sprint's velocity is meaningless. Only trends over 4+ sprints reveal real changes in capacity or process.

Kanban focuses on flow, not time-boxes. Instead of sprints, Kanban uses a continuous flow with explicit WIP limits per column. The key metrics are cycle time (how long one item takes from start to done) and throughput (how many items complete per unit of time). Kanban and Scrum can coexist (Scrumban).

Common tasks

Run sprint planning

Sprint planning answers two questions: What can we deliver this sprint? How will we deliver it?

Template: Sprint Planning Agenda (2 hours for a 2-week sprint)

1. Review sprint goal (10 min) - PO proposes a sprint goal tied to a product objective. Team discusses feasibility.
2. Select backlog items (40 min) - Team pulls items from the top of the refined backlog until capacity is reached. Use last 3-sprint velocity average as the guide.
3. Task breakdown (50 min) - For each selected item, break it into tasks. If any task is larger than 1 day, break it further.
4. Confirm sprint goal and commitment (10 min) - Team agrees on the sprint backlog and goal. PO confirms priority order.
5. Identify risks and dependencies (10 min) - Flag external dependencies, PTO, or known blockers.

Capacity adjustment: multiply velocity by (available dev-days / total dev-days) to account for PTO, holidays, and on-call rotations.

Estimate with story points

Use the modified Fibonacci sequence: 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21. Anything above 13 should be split before entering a sprint.

Planning Poker process:

1. PO reads the user story and acceptance criteria
2. Team asks clarifying questions (time-box: 3 min per story)
3. Everyone simultaneously reveals their estimate
4. If estimates diverge by more than 2 levels (e.g., 3 vs 13), the highest and lowest estimators explain their reasoning
5. Re-vote. If still divergent after 2 rounds, take the higher estimate

Estimation reference table:

Run a retrospective

Format: Start-Stop-Continue (45 min for a 2-week sprint)

1. Set the stage (5 min) - State the retro goal. Use a safety check (1-5 scale) to gauge openness.
2. Gather data (15 min) - Each person writes items on sticky notes (or digital equivalent) in three columns: Start doing, Stop doing, Continue doing.
3. Group and vote (10 min) - Cluster similar items. Dot-vote (3 dots per person) to prioritize.
4. Generate actions (10 min) - For the top 2-3 voted items, define a specific action with an owner and a due date. Actions must be achievable within one sprint.
5. Close (5 min) - Review action items. Check: did we complete last retro's actions?

Alternative formats (rotate to prevent staleness):

• 4Ls: Liked, Learned, Lacked, Longed for
• Sailboat: Wind (helps), Anchor (slows), Rocks (risks), Island (goal)
• Mad-Sad-Glad: Emotional categorization for team health checks
• Timeline: Plot the sprint on a timeline marking highs and lows

Rule: never leave a retro without exactly 2-3 action items with named owners. More than 3 dilutes focus. Zero means the retro was pointless.

Track velocity and sprint metrics

Key metrics to track each sprint:

Burndown chart interpretation:

• Flat line early, cliff late - Team batching work; encourage smaller slices
• Scope creep visible - Line goes up mid-sprint; enforce sprint scope protection
• Smooth decline - Healthy flow; team is breaking work well
• Never reaches zero - Chronic over-commitment; reduce sprint scope by 20%

Set up a Kanban board

Standard columns:

Backlog | Ready | In Progress | In Review | Done

WIP limits by column (for a team of 5):

• Backlog: unlimited (but keep refined items at top)
• Ready: 8 (roughly 1.5 sprints of work)
• In Progress: 5 (one per developer, adjust for pairing)
• In Review: 3 (force fast feedback loops)
• Done: unlimited

Kanban policies (make explicit):

• An item enters "Ready" only when it has acceptance criteria and an estimate
• An item enters "In Progress" only when WIP limit allows
• An item enters "In Review" only when it meets Definition of Done for dev
• Pull from the right: always prioritize finishing items in Review before starting new items from Ready

Write effective user stories

Template:

As a [type of user],
I want to [action],
so that [benefit/value].

Acceptance criteria (Given-When-Then):

Given [precondition],
When [action is taken],
Then [expected result].

INVEST checklist for good stories:

• Independent - No dependencies on other stories in the sprint
• Negotiable - Details can be discussed, not locked down
• Valuable - Delivers value to the user or business
• Estimable - Team can estimate its size
• Small - Fits within one sprint (ideally 1-3 days of work)
• Testable - Clear criteria to verify it's done

Define Definition of Done

A shared checklist that every increment must satisfy before it can be called done.

Example Definition of Done:

• Code reviewed and approved by at least one peer
• All acceptance criteria verified
• Unit tests written and passing (minimum 80% coverage for new code)
• Integration tests passing
• No known critical or high-severity bugs
• Documentation updated (API docs, README, changelog)
• Deployed to staging and smoke-tested
• Product Owner has accepted the demo

The DoD is not negotiable per-story. If the team cannot meet the DoD, the story is not done - it carries over. Lowering DoD to "finish" stories creates hidden debt.

Anti-patterns / common mistakes

Gotchas

1. Velocity is team-specific and not comparable across teams - Teams calibrate story points differently. A team doing 40 points per sprint is not twice as productive as one doing 20. Using velocity to compare teams, pressure individuals, or set targets from outside the team destroys the signal. It is a planning tool only.

2. Adding items mid-sprint breaks the sprint goal - The sprint goal is a commitment, not a suggestion. Adding new work mid-sprint without removing equivalent work invalidates velocity data and trains the team that commitments are flexible. Only the PO can add items, and only by removing something of equal size.

3. Retrospectives without named action owners are decoration - "We should communicate better" is not an action item. Actions without a single owner and a due date will not happen. Every retro must end with 2-3 specific, owned, sprint-scoped actions. Anything else is venting.

4. Carrying over stories inflates apparent velocity - If a team regularly carries over 20-30% of committed work and counts it as completed in the next sprint, their velocity is artificially high and sprint planning is unreliable. Track carry-over rate separately and reduce committed scope until completion rate reaches 85%+.

5. Definition of Done that bends per story creates hidden debt - Lowering the DoD to "finish" a story (skipping tests, skipping review) creates undisclosed technical debt that surfaces as bugs and rework. The DoD is a floor, not a negotiation. A story that cannot meet the DoD is not done; it carries over.

References

For detailed content on specific sub-domains, read the relevant file from the references/ folder:

• references/sprint-ceremonies.md - Detailed facilitation guides for all Scrum events
• references/estimation-techniques.md - Deep dive on estimation methods beyond story points
• references/kanban-flow.md - Advanced Kanban practices, metrics, and board configurations

Only load a references file if the current task requires it - they are long and will consume context.

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