Legal Citation Extraction
You can only verify what you first find. Grounding a citation checks whether it exists in the source - but it runs on a list that someone has to assemble first. This workflow is that front-end: it walks the text and lists every authority, so none slips past verification. A missed citation is an unverified one.
Extraction is mechanical - by patterns and rules, not by judgement - on purpose: an unconstrained reading might miss a citation or invent one.
Three steps
- Extraction - recognise and capture every reference by the patterns below.
- Aggregation - resolve short references (ibid., id., supra, op. cit., "the above-cited judgment") to their antecedents by the pointer-aware rules below, so they count as one citation, not several.
- Hand-off - pass the structured list to verification: does each cited authority exist, and does it say what the text claims.
Citation patterns
Case law
- ECLI (EU):
ECLI:EU:C:2020:559 (Court of Justice), ECLI:EU:T:2019:... (General Court).
- ECLI (national):
ECLI:NL:HR:2021:..., ECLI:DE:BGH:..., ECLI:PL:SN:....
- Case names and numbers:
Party v Party; CJEU case numbers C-123/20, C-123/20 P (appeal), joined cases C-123/20 and C-124/20; General Court T-456/19.
EU legislation
- CELEX:
32016R0679, 32019L0790 (sector + year + type + number).
- Named acts:
Regulation (EU) 2016/679, Directive 2019/790, Regulation (EC) No 1/2003.
- Official Journal:
OJ L 119, OJ C 326.
Provisions
Article 5(1)(a) GDPR, Art. 263 TFEU, section 12, § 3(2).
Aggregation - short references
Short reference forms carry different resolution rules - they cannot all be sent to the nearest antecedent:
ibid., id., loc. cit. - refer to the immediately preceding authority.supra, op. cit. - often carry a pointer that overrides proximity: an author name, a title fragment, or a note number ("Kranenborg, op. cit., p. 12"; "supra note 14"). Resolve by the pointer first; fall back to proximity only when the reference is bare.- Descriptive forms (
the cited judgment, the above-cited) - match by the described attributes (court, party, subject), not by position alone.
Where more than one antecedent matches, or none does, mark the reference unresolved - manual review instead of guessing: a wrong merge silently fuses two distinct authorities into one. Count each resolved reference as the same citation as its antecedent, but record where it occurs.
Output format
A numbered table with columns: Type, Citation (normalised), Occurrences (page or offset), Antecedent (if a short reference). Close with the list of citations to verify.
Limits
- Extraction catches references in a known format. A descriptive reference with no identifier ("the Court's data-protection case law") has nothing to match - mark it "no identifier, manual check".
- This is not existence verification - it says what is cited, not whether the citation is real.
- The patterns cover the common EU and ECLI formats; an unusual citation style may slip through. At high stakes, review by hand as well.
Attribution
The extraction, aggregation, and annotation architecture follows eyecite (Free Law Project), BSD-2-Clause (https://github.com/freelawproject/eyecite), as a design pattern only - no eyecite code is used. US reporter patterns are dropped; the ECLI, CELEX, OJ, and EU citation patterns and the antecedent rules are the author's own.
1---2name: legal-citation-extraction3description: Extract every legal citation from an English-language text by pattern rather than judgement: ECLI identifiers (CJEU and national), EU act identifiers (CELEX, Official Journal references, Regulation and Directive numbers), case names and numbers, and cited provisions, then normalise, deduplicate, and resolve short references (ibid., id., supra, op. cit., the above-cited judgment) to their antecedents. The front-end to citation verification: find every citation first, then check it. Use before verifying authorities, before sending a brief or opinion, or when asked what a text cites.4license: MIT5---6# Legal Citation Extraction78You can only verify what you first find. Grounding a citation checks whether it exists in the source - but it runs on a list that someone has to assemble first. This workflow is that front-end: it walks the text and lists every authority, so none slips past verification. A missed citation is an unverified one.910Extraction is mechanical - by patterns and rules, not by judgement - on purpose: an unconstrained reading might miss a citation or invent one.1112## Three steps13141. Extraction - recognise and capture every reference by the patterns below.152. Aggregation - resolve short references (ibid., id., supra, op. cit., "the above-cited judgment") to their antecedents by the pointer-aware rules below, so they count as one citation, not several.163. Hand-off - pass the structured list to verification: does each cited authority exist, and does it say what the text claims.1718## Citation patterns1920### Case law21- ECLI (EU): `ECLI:EU:C:2020:559` (Court of Justice), `ECLI:EU:T:2019:...` (General Court).22- ECLI (national): `ECLI:NL:HR:2021:...`, `ECLI:DE:BGH:...`, `ECLI:PL:SN:...`.23- Case names and numbers: `Party v Party`; CJEU case numbers `C-123/20`, `C-123/20 P` (appeal), joined cases `C-123/20 and C-124/20`; General Court `T-456/19`.2425### EU legislation26- CELEX: `32016R0679`, `32019L0790` (sector + year + type + number).27- Named acts: `Regulation (EU) 2016/679`, `Directive 2019/790`, `Regulation (EC) No 1/2003`.28- Official Journal: `OJ L 119`, `OJ C 326`.2930### Provisions31- `Article 5(1)(a) GDPR`, `Art. 263 TFEU`, `section 12`, `§ 3(2)`.3233## Aggregation - short references3435Short reference forms carry different resolution rules - they cannot all be sent to the nearest antecedent:3637- `ibid.`, `id.`, `loc. cit.` - refer to the immediately preceding authority.38- `supra`, `op. cit.` - often carry a pointer that overrides proximity: an author name, a title fragment, or a note number ("Kranenborg, op. cit., p. 12"; "supra note 14"). Resolve by the pointer first; fall back to proximity only when the reference is bare.39- Descriptive forms (`the cited judgment`, `the above-cited`) - match by the described attributes (court, party, subject), not by position alone.4041Where more than one antecedent matches, or none does, mark the reference **unresolved - manual review** instead of guessing: a wrong merge silently fuses two distinct authorities into one. Count each resolved reference as the same citation as its antecedent, but record where it occurs.4243## Output format4445A numbered table with columns: Type, Citation (normalised), Occurrences (page or offset), Antecedent (if a short reference). Close with the list of citations to verify.4647## Limits4849- Extraction catches references in a known format. A descriptive reference with no identifier ("the Court's data-protection case law") has nothing to match - mark it "no identifier, manual check".50- This is not existence verification - it says what is cited, not whether the citation is real.51- The patterns cover the common EU and ECLI formats; an unusual citation style may slip through. At high stakes, review by hand as well.5253## Attribution5455The extraction, aggregation, and annotation architecture follows eyecite (Free Law Project), BSD-2-Clause (https://github.com/freelawproject/eyecite), as a design pattern only - no eyecite code is used. US reporter patterns are dropped; the ECLI, CELEX, OJ, and EU citation patterns and the antecedent rules are the author's own.
open-legal-products