Xiao Edgeimpulse Train

Edge Impulse training pipeline for XIAO ESP32S3 (REST API, verified)

Everything below was executed and verified end-to-end (2026-07). The edge-impulse-cli is NOT needed — do not try to install it (its serialport@8 dependency needs VS C++ build tools on Node 22+).

Step 0 — API key (ask the user)

Ask the user for an Edge Impulse admin API key (ei_...), or read it from the project's .env (EI_API_KEY=...) if the user points you there.

• The auto-created project key has role "Ingestion & deployment" — it can upload data but cannot create impulses or start training (symptom: insufficient permissions (valid roles: [admin])).
• If needed, tell the user: Studio → Dashboard → Keys → Add new API key → Role Admin (full access) → copy the full key immediately (it is truncated in the list afterwards).
• Get the project id: GET https://studio.edgeimpulse.com/v1/api/projects with header x-api-key → projects[0].id.
• PowerShell warning: $pid is a READ-ONLY reserved variable — use $proj.

Step 1 — upload dataset (ingestion API)

One POST per file; label comes from the x-label header:

curl.exe -s -X POST -H "x-api-key: $key" -H "x-label: $cls" `
  -F "data=@$($f.FullName)" https://ingestion.edgeimpulse.com/api/training/files

WAV: 16 kHz 16-bit mono. Images: jpg/png as-is. After uploading everything, auto-split train/test: POST /v1/api/$proj/rebalance.

One project = one model. To retrain for a different task first wipe: POST /v1/api/$proj/raw-data/delete-all (archive any deployed lib zip first).

Step 2 — create the impulse

POST https://studio.edgeimpulse.com/v1/api/$proj/impulse (POST, not PUT).

Audio (keyword spotting) — implementationVersion: 4 on the MFCC block is REQUIRED; without it you get v1 and feature generation fails with "mel filterbank contains all zeros":

{"inputBlocks":[{"id":1,"type":"time-series","name":"Time series data","title":"Time series data","windowSizeMs":1000,"windowIncreaseMs":500,"frequencyHz":16000,"padZeros":true}],
 "dspBlocks":[{"id":2,"type":"mfcc","name":"MFCC","axes":["audio"],"title":"MFCC","implementationVersion":4}],
 "learnBlocks":[{"id":3,"type":"keras","name":"Classifier","dsp":[2],"title":"Classification"}]}

Vision (image classification, MobileNet transfer learning):

{"inputBlocks":[{"id":1,"type":"image","name":"Images","title":"Image data","imageWidth":96,"imageHeight":96,"resizeMode":"squash"}],
 "dspBlocks":[{"id":2,"type":"image","name":"Image","axes":["image"],"title":"Image","implementationVersion":1}],
 "learnBlocks":[{"id":3,"type":"keras-transfer-image","name":"Transfer learning","dsp":[2],"title":"Transfer learning (Images)"}]}

Step 3 — generate features, then train

# start: returns a job id
POST /v1/api/$proj/jobs/generate-features   body: {"dspId":2,"calculateFeatureImportance":false}
# poll until finished (10-15 s interval):
GET  /v1/api/$proj/jobs/$jobId/status   -> job.finished / job.finishedSuccessful
# on failure read newest-first logs:
GET  /v1/api/$proj/jobs/$jobId/stdout   -> stdout[0..] .data

# train (after features succeed):
POST /v1/api/$proj/jobs/train/keras/3
#   audio body:  {"trainingCycles":100,"learningRate":0.005}
#   vision body: {"trainingCycles":20,"learningRate":0.0005}

Accuracy is in the train job stdout (val_accuracy lines). Keep each poll loop's total wait under your tool timeout — resume polling in a new call rather than one giant sleep.

Step 4 — build + download the Arduino library

POST /v1/api/$proj/jobs/build-ondevice-model?type=arduino   body: {"engine":"tflite-eon"}
# poll job, then:
GET /v1/api/$proj/deployment/download?type=arduino   -> save as <name>.zip

Install: find the sketchbook with arduino-cli config get directories.user, extract into <sketchbook>\libraries\<project>_inferencing. The zip usually nests one folder — flatten so src\<project>_inferencing.h exists. Archive the zip per task (audio/vision) — swapping tasks overwrites the lib.

Step 5 — on-device fixes (ESP32-S3, REQUIRED for vision)

1. --clean on the first compile after swapping the library. The arduino-cli cache keeps stale objects for the same library name/version — symptoms: objs.a ... is not an object link errors, or edits that appear to change nothing (identical byte sizes).
2. Tensor arena overflow crash (Failed to allocate persistent buffer ... EI_MAX_OVERFLOW_BUFFER_COUNT + Guru Meditation on boot): edit src\edge-impulse-sdk\porting\ei_classifier_porting.h — near the end, #if defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S3) hard-defines EI_MAX_OVERFLOW_BUFFER_COUNT 30 with no #ifndef guard, so -D flags and model-file defaults are ALL ignored. Change 30 to 2048, then --clean.
3. Put the arena in PSRAM — add to the sketch (the SDK's allocators are weak symbols) and build with --board-options PSRAM=opi:

#include "esp_heap_caps.h"
void *ei_malloc(size_t size) {
  void *p = heap_caps_aligned_alloc(16, size, MALLOC_CAP_SPIRAM);
  if (!p) p = heap_caps_aligned_alloc(16, size, MALLOC_CAP_DEFAULT);
  return p;
}
void *ei_calloc(size_t n, size_t s) { void *p = ei_malloc(n*s); if (p) memset(p,0,n*s); return p; }
void ei_free(void *ptr) { heap_caps_free(ptr); }

Step 6 — inference sketch integration

• Feed data via the static-buffer pattern (signal.get_data), NOT the EI example's <I2S.h> code (breaks on esp32 core 3.x — use ESP_I2S.h).
• Vision feature packing: one float per pixel = (r<<16)|(g<<8)|b.
• Camera on XIAO Sense renders rotated 90°: rotate CW while downscaling (sx = y*W/H; sy = H-1-(x*H/W)) or accuracy collapses. Verify orientation empirically by classifying one frame 3 ways (none/cw/ccw) and comparing.
• Audio level gap: mic audio is far quieter than full-scale training WAVs — best fix is collecting training data through the device mic itself.
• Camera AWB needs warmup: grab and discard ~8 frames before the real capture.